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Polit, M., Friso, F., & Mabit, J. (2019). Terapia asistida por plantas para el tratamiento de los trastornos por uso de sustancias parte 2 : más allá de los límites borrosos. Cultura Y Droga, 24(28), 19–42. https://doi.org/10.17151/culdr.2019.24.28.2
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Objetivo. Este artículo pretende ofrecer una visión de los centros a nivel global que utilizan derivados de plantas o animales para el tratamiento de trastornos por uso de sustancias y ofrecer una reflexión sobre el concepto de drogas como agentes medicinales o tóxicos según el contexto de uso, cultura y política. Metodología. Hemos considerado algunas prácticas provenientes de África, Asia, Europa y las Américas, realizando una investigación basada en literatura científica, intercambio de información con centros de tratamiento, búsquedas en Internet y la experiencia personal de los autores. Resultados y discusión. Se describen diferentes casos de uso de medicinas naturales, incluyendo derivados psicoactivos de la Tabernanthe iboga y Bufo alvarius. Conclusiones. Las fronteras borrosas entre considerar el consumo de drogas como un crimen o un problema de salud podrían superarse inspirándose en la antigua sabiduría de las medicinas tradicionales.
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Aldhous, P. (2005). Drug rehabilitation: Cold turkey, Vietnamese style. Nature, 433 (7026), 568–569.
Aleem, Z. (2018). 14 years after decriminalizing all drugs, here’s what Portugal looks like. Recovered from https://mic.com/articles/110344/14-years-afterportugal-decriminalized-all-drugs-here-s-what-shappening#.mhCFjMGkf.
Almendro, M. & López, E. (2016). Beyond Frontiers: Meditative Practice, Clinical Practice and Scientific Research. J Psychol Psychother, 6, 281.
Conselho Estadual de Políticas Sobre Drogas. (2016). 126 (8), Seção I quintafeira. São Paulo: Diário Oficial Poder Executivo. Recovered from https://www.ibogainealliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/CONSELHO-ESTADUALDE-POL%C3%8DTICAS-SOBRE-DROGAS.pdf.
Babor, T., Caulkins, J., Edwards, G., Fischer, B., Foxcroft, D. & Humphreys, K. (2010). Drug policy and the public good. New York: Oxford University Press.
Benfer, I., Zahnow, R., Barratt, M., Maier, L., Winstock, A. & Ferris, J. (2018). The impact of drug policy liberalisation on willingness to seek help for problem drug use: A comparison of 20 countries. International Journal of Drug Policy, 56, 162–75.
Bradford, A. C., Bradford, D., Abraham, A. J. & Bagwell Adams, G. (2018). Association Between US State Medical Cannabis Laws and Opioid Prescribing in the Medicare Part D Population. JAMA Intern Med, 178 (5), 667-72.
Bogenschutz, M. P. & Ross, S. (2018). Therapeutic Applications of Classic Hallucinogens. Current topics in behavioral neurosciences, 36, 361-391.
Bouso Saiz, J, C. (2012). Personalidad, Psicopatología y rendimiento neuropsicológico de los consumidores rituales de ayahuasca (tesis doctoral). Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, España.
Bridgeman, M. B. & Abazia, D. T. (2017). Medicinal Cannabis: History, Pharmacology, and Implications for the Acute Care Setting. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 42 (3), 180-8.
Brave, P. S., Bruins, E. & Bronkhorst, M. W. (2014). Phyllomedusa bicolor skin secretion and the Kambô ritual. The journal of venomous animals and toxins including tropical diseases, 20, (40).
Dhawan, K. (2003). Drug/substance reversal effects of a novel tri-substituted benzoflavone moiety (BZF) isolated from Passiflora incarnata Linn.-a brief perspective. Addict Biol, 8, 379-86.
Dhawan, K., Kumar, S. & Sharma, A. (2002). Suppression of alcohol-cessationoriented hyper-anxiety by the benzoflavone moiety of Passiflora incarnata Linneaus in mice. J Ethnopharmacol, 81, 239-44.
Fernandez, J. W. (1982). Bwiti: An Ethnography of The Religious Imagination in Africa. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Ferreira, S. (2017). Portugal’s radical drugs policy is working. Why hasn’t the world copied it?. Recovered from https://www.theguardian.com/news/2017/dec/05/portugals-radical-drugs-policy-is-working-why-hasnt-the-world-copied-it.
Frecska, E., Bokor, P. & Winkelman, M. (2016). The Therapeutic Potentials of Ayahuasca: Possible Effects against Various Diseases of Civilization. Front. Pharmacol, 7 (35).
Garland, E. L. & Howard, M. O. (2018). Mindfulness-based treatment of addiction: current state of the field and envisioning the next wave of research. Addict Sci Clin Pract, 13 (1), 14.
Gorman, P. (1993). Making Magic. Recovered from http://www.artoftransformations.com/files/Making-Magic-by-Peter-Gorman.pdf.
Grant, S., Kandrack, R., Motala, A., Shanman, R., Booth, M., Miles, J., Sorbero,
M…,. & Hempel, S. (2016). Acupuncture for substance use disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend, 163,1-15.
Habib, G. & Artul, S. (2018). Medical Cannabis for the Treatment of Fibromyalgia. Journal of Clinical Rheumatology, 24 (5), 255–258.
Heggenhougen, H. K. (1984). Traditional medicine and the treatment of drug addicts: three examples from Southeast Asia. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 16 (1), 3-7.
Hinojosa, O. R. (2017). OTAC: Toad Medicine and its Role in Modern World. Paper presented at the International Transpersonal Conference, Prague.
Hohmann, L., Bradt, J., Stegemann, T. & Koelsch, S. (2017). Effects of music therapy and music-based interventions in the treatment of substance use disorders: A systematic review. PLoS One, 12 (11).
ICEERS. (2017). Risks associated with combining Bufo Alvarius with ayahuasca. International Center for Ethnobotanical Education Research and Service. Recovered from http://news.iceers.org/2017/05/alert-bufo-alvarius-andayahuasca/.
Labate, B. & Cavnar, C. (2018). The Expanding World Ayahuasca Diaspora: Appropriation, Integration and Legislation. London: Routledge.
Labate, B. & Coffaci de Lima, E. (2014). Medical Drug or Shamanic Power Plant: The Uses of Kambô in Brazil. Ponto Urbe [Online], 15. DOI: 10.4000/pontourbe.2384.
Levinson, J. (2018). Opioid addicts are turning to a clinic in Mexico to break their addiction, but there’s a catch. GlobalPost. Recovered from https://www.pri.org/stories/2018-03-06/opioid-addicts-are-turning-clinic-mexico-break-theiraddiction-theres-catch.
Llagostera, A., Torres, M. C. & Costa, M. A. (1988). El complejo psicotrópico en Scolor-3 (San Pedro de Atacama). Estudios Atacámenos, 9, 61-98.
Lu, L., Liu, Y., Zhu, W., Shi, J., Liu, Y., Ling, W. & Kosten, T. R. (2009). Traditional medicine in the treatment of drug addiction. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 35, 1-11.
Lukas, S. E., Penetar, D., Berko, J., Vicens, L., Palmer, C., Mallya, G., Macklin, E. A. & Lee D. Y. (2005). An extract of the Chinese herbal root kudzu reduces alcohol drinking by heavy drinkers in a naturalistic setting. Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research, 29 (5), 756-62.
Luna, L. E. (1984). The Concept of Plants as Teachers Among Four Mestizo Shamans of Iquitos, Northeast Peru. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 11, 135-156.
Mabit, J. (1993). Adicción y shamanismo budista - El monasterio de las cuevas delbambú. Revista Takiwasi, 2, 57-78
Mabit, J. (2002). Interview de Jacques Mabit par Evelyne Sarah Mercier. Paris, France: ES Mercier.
Mabit, J. (2007). Ayahuasca in the treatment of addictions. M. J. Winkelman. & T. B. Roberts. (Eds), Psychedelic Medicine New Evidence for Hallucinogenic Substances as Treatments (pp. 87–103). Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.
Mabit, J. & González, J. (2013). Hacia una medicina transcultural. Reflexiones y propuestas a partir de la experiencia en Takiwasi. Journal of Transpersonal Research, 5 (2), 49-76.
Manyam, B. V., Dhanasekaran, M. & Hare, T. A. (2004). Neuroprotective effects of the antiparkinson drug Mucuna pruriens. Phytother Res, 18, 706-12.
McGown, J. (2006). Out of Africa: Mysteries of Access and Benefit Sharing. Richmond, South Africa: African Centre for Biosafety.
Medsafe. (2009). Minutes of the 42nd Meeting of the Medicines Classification Committee. Recovered from http://www.medsafe.govt.nz/profs/class/Agendas/agen42.htm.
Meletis, C. D. & Zabriskie, N. (2008). Natural Approaches to Treating Addiction. Alternative and Complementary Therapies, 14 (6), 275-81.
Merica, D. (2017). Trump declares opioid epidemic a national public health emergency. Recovered from https://edition.cnn.com/2017/10/26/politics/donaldtrump-opioid-epidemic/index.html.
Morel, L. J., Giros, B. & Daugé, V. (2009). Adolescent Exposure to Chronic Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Blocks Opiate Dependence in Maternally Deprived Rats. Neuropsychopharmacology, 34 (11), 2469-76.
Naranjo, C. (1969). Psychotherapeutic possibilities of new fantasy-enhancing drugs. Clinical Toxicology, 2, 209-24.
Naranjo, P. (1986). El Ayahuasca en la arqueología ecuatoriana. América Indígena, 46 (1), 117-127.
Nencini, P. (2002). The shaman and the rave party: social pharmacology of ecstasy. Substance Use & Misuse, 37 (8-10), 923-39.
Noller, G. E., Frampton, C. M., & Yazar-Klosinski, B. (2018). Ibogaine treatment outcomes for opioid dependence from a twelve-month follow-up observational study. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 44 (1), 37-46.
Ogalde, J. P., Arriaza, B. T. & Soto, E. C. (2009). Identification of psychoactive alkaloids in ancient Andean human hair by gas chromatography/massspectrometry. Journal of Archaeological Science, 36 (2), 467-72.
Paskulin, R., Jamnik, P., Živin, M., Raspor, P. & Štrukelj, B. (2006). Ibogaine affects brain energy metabolism. European Journal of Pharmacology, 15 (552), 11-4.
Penetar, D. M., Toto, L. H., Lee, D. Y. & Lukas, S. E. (2015). A Single Dose of Kudzu Extract Reduces Alcohol Consumption in a Binge Drinking Paradigm. Drug Alcohol Depend, 153,194-200.
Politi, M. (2018). Healing and Knowledge with Amazonian Shamanic Diet. Psychedelic Plant Medicine. Recovered from https://chacruna.net/healingknowledge-amazonian-shamanic-diet/.
Politi, M., Friso, F. & Mabit, J. (2018). Plant based assisted therapy for the treatment of substance use disorders - part 1. The case of Takiwasi Center and other similar experiences. Revista Cultura y Droga, 23 (26), 99-126. DOI: 10.17151/culdr.2018.23.26.7.
Reiman, A. (2009). Cannabis as a substitute for alcohol and other drugs. Harm Reduction Journal, 6 (35).
Romanoff, S. (2004). El uso de la medicina del sapo. In S. Romanoff (Ed), Matsesën Nampid Chuibanaid. La vida tradicional de los Matsés (pp. 120-122). Lima, Perú: CAAAP.
Sarkar, S. & Varshney, M. (2017). Yoga and substance use disorders: A narrative review. Asian J Psychiatr, 25,191-6.
Sarris, J., Stough, C., Bousman, C. A., Wahid, Z. T., Murray, G., Teschke, R., Savage, KM…,. Schweitzer, I. (2013). Kava in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. J ClinPsychopharmacol, 33 (5), 643-8.
Schenberg, E. E., Comis, M. A., Chaves, B. R. & Silveira, D. X. (2014). Treating drug dependence with the aid of ibogaine: A retrospective study. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 28 (11), 993-1000.
Schep, L., Slaughter R., Galea, S. & Newcombe, D. (2016). Ibogaine for treating drug dependence. What is a safe dose? Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 166 (1), 1-5.
Sen, S. & Chakraborty, R. (2017). Revival, modernization and integration of Indian traditional herbal medicine in clinical practice: importance, challenges and future. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 7 (2), 234-244.
Silva, J. (2017). Fighting addiction at a Thai monastery. Recovered from https://www.reuters.com/article/thailand-drugs-temple-int-idUSKBN18617D.
Steiner, G. G. (2001). Kava as an anticraving agent: Preliminary data. Pac Health Dialog, 8, 335-9.
Talin, P. & Sanabria, E. (2017). Ayahuasca’s entwined efficacy: An ethnographic study of ritual healing from “addiction”. The International Journal on Drug Policy, 44, 23-30.
Terburg, D., Syal, S., Rosenberg, L. A., Heany, S., Phillips, N., Gericke, N., Stein, D. J. & Van Honk, J. (2013). Acute effects of Sceletium tortuosum (Zembrin), a dual 5-HT reuptake and PDE4 inhibitor, in the human amygdala and its connection to the hypothalamus. Neuropsychopharmacology, 38 (13), 2708-16.
Thomas, K., Malcolm, B. & Lastra, D. (2017). Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy: A Review of a Novel Treatment for Psychiatric Disorders. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 49 (5), 446-455.
Ujváry, I. (2014). Psychoactive natural products: overview of recent developments. Ann Ist Super Sanità, 50 (1), 12-27.
Walsh, Z., Gonzalez, R., Crosby, K. S., Thiessen, M., Carroll, C. & Bonn-Miller, M. O. (2017). Medical cannabis and mental health: A guided systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 51,15-29.
Wen, H. & Hockenberry, J. M. (2018). Association of Medical and Adult-Use Marijuana Laws With Opioid Prescribing for Medicaid Enrollees. JAMA Intern Med, 178 (5), 673-9.
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Winkelman, M. (2014). Psychedelics as medicines for substance abuse rehabilitation: evaluating treatments with LSD, Peyote, Ibogaine and Ayahuasca. Curr Drug Abuse Rev, 7 (2),101-16.
Yarnell, E. & Abascal, K. (2001). Botanical Remedies for Nicotine Addiction. Alternative and Complementary Therapies, 7 (6), 337-40.
Zhu, W., Zhang, Y., Huang, Y. & Lu, L. (2017). Chinese Herbal Medicine for the Treatment of Drug Addiction. Int Rev Neurobiol, 135, 279-95.
Aleem, Z. (2018). 14 years after decriminalizing all drugs, here’s what Portugal looks like. Recovered from https://mic.com/articles/110344/14-years-afterportugal-decriminalized-all-drugs-here-s-what-shappening#.mhCFjMGkf.
Almendro, M. & López, E. (2016). Beyond Frontiers: Meditative Practice, Clinical Practice and Scientific Research. J Psychol Psychother, 6, 281.
Conselho Estadual de Políticas Sobre Drogas. (2016). 126 (8), Seção I quintafeira. São Paulo: Diário Oficial Poder Executivo. Recovered from https://www.ibogainealliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/CONSELHO-ESTADUALDE-POL%C3%8DTICAS-SOBRE-DROGAS.pdf.
Babor, T., Caulkins, J., Edwards, G., Fischer, B., Foxcroft, D. & Humphreys, K. (2010). Drug policy and the public good. New York: Oxford University Press.
Benfer, I., Zahnow, R., Barratt, M., Maier, L., Winstock, A. & Ferris, J. (2018). The impact of drug policy liberalisation on willingness to seek help for problem drug use: A comparison of 20 countries. International Journal of Drug Policy, 56, 162–75.
Bradford, A. C., Bradford, D., Abraham, A. J. & Bagwell Adams, G. (2018). Association Between US State Medical Cannabis Laws and Opioid Prescribing in the Medicare Part D Population. JAMA Intern Med, 178 (5), 667-72.
Bogenschutz, M. P. & Ross, S. (2018). Therapeutic Applications of Classic Hallucinogens. Current topics in behavioral neurosciences, 36, 361-391.
Bouso Saiz, J, C. (2012). Personalidad, Psicopatología y rendimiento neuropsicológico de los consumidores rituales de ayahuasca (tesis doctoral). Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, España.
Bridgeman, M. B. & Abazia, D. T. (2017). Medicinal Cannabis: History, Pharmacology, and Implications for the Acute Care Setting. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 42 (3), 180-8.
Brave, P. S., Bruins, E. & Bronkhorst, M. W. (2014). Phyllomedusa bicolor skin secretion and the Kambô ritual. The journal of venomous animals and toxins including tropical diseases, 20, (40).
Dhawan, K. (2003). Drug/substance reversal effects of a novel tri-substituted benzoflavone moiety (BZF) isolated from Passiflora incarnata Linn.-a brief perspective. Addict Biol, 8, 379-86.
Dhawan, K., Kumar, S. & Sharma, A. (2002). Suppression of alcohol-cessationoriented hyper-anxiety by the benzoflavone moiety of Passiflora incarnata Linneaus in mice. J Ethnopharmacol, 81, 239-44.
Fernandez, J. W. (1982). Bwiti: An Ethnography of The Religious Imagination in Africa. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Ferreira, S. (2017). Portugal’s radical drugs policy is working. Why hasn’t the world copied it?. Recovered from https://www.theguardian.com/news/2017/dec/05/portugals-radical-drugs-policy-is-working-why-hasnt-the-world-copied-it.
Frecska, E., Bokor, P. & Winkelman, M. (2016). The Therapeutic Potentials of Ayahuasca: Possible Effects against Various Diseases of Civilization. Front. Pharmacol, 7 (35).
Garland, E. L. & Howard, M. O. (2018). Mindfulness-based treatment of addiction: current state of the field and envisioning the next wave of research. Addict Sci Clin Pract, 13 (1), 14.
Gorman, P. (1993). Making Magic. Recovered from http://www.artoftransformations.com/files/Making-Magic-by-Peter-Gorman.pdf.
Grant, S., Kandrack, R., Motala, A., Shanman, R., Booth, M., Miles, J., Sorbero,
M…,. & Hempel, S. (2016). Acupuncture for substance use disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend, 163,1-15.
Habib, G. & Artul, S. (2018). Medical Cannabis for the Treatment of Fibromyalgia. Journal of Clinical Rheumatology, 24 (5), 255–258.
Heggenhougen, H. K. (1984). Traditional medicine and the treatment of drug addicts: three examples from Southeast Asia. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 16 (1), 3-7.
Hinojosa, O. R. (2017). OTAC: Toad Medicine and its Role in Modern World. Paper presented at the International Transpersonal Conference, Prague.
Hohmann, L., Bradt, J., Stegemann, T. & Koelsch, S. (2017). Effects of music therapy and music-based interventions in the treatment of substance use disorders: A systematic review. PLoS One, 12 (11).
ICEERS. (2017). Risks associated with combining Bufo Alvarius with ayahuasca. International Center for Ethnobotanical Education Research and Service. Recovered from http://news.iceers.org/2017/05/alert-bufo-alvarius-andayahuasca/.
Labate, B. & Cavnar, C. (2018). The Expanding World Ayahuasca Diaspora: Appropriation, Integration and Legislation. London: Routledge.
Labate, B. & Coffaci de Lima, E. (2014). Medical Drug or Shamanic Power Plant: The Uses of Kambô in Brazil. Ponto Urbe [Online], 15. DOI: 10.4000/pontourbe.2384.
Levinson, J. (2018). Opioid addicts are turning to a clinic in Mexico to break their addiction, but there’s a catch. GlobalPost. Recovered from https://www.pri.org/stories/2018-03-06/opioid-addicts-are-turning-clinic-mexico-break-theiraddiction-theres-catch.
Llagostera, A., Torres, M. C. & Costa, M. A. (1988). El complejo psicotrópico en Scolor-3 (San Pedro de Atacama). Estudios Atacámenos, 9, 61-98.
Lu, L., Liu, Y., Zhu, W., Shi, J., Liu, Y., Ling, W. & Kosten, T. R. (2009). Traditional medicine in the treatment of drug addiction. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 35, 1-11.
Lukas, S. E., Penetar, D., Berko, J., Vicens, L., Palmer, C., Mallya, G., Macklin, E. A. & Lee D. Y. (2005). An extract of the Chinese herbal root kudzu reduces alcohol drinking by heavy drinkers in a naturalistic setting. Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research, 29 (5), 756-62.
Luna, L. E. (1984). The Concept of Plants as Teachers Among Four Mestizo Shamans of Iquitos, Northeast Peru. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 11, 135-156.
Mabit, J. (1993). Adicción y shamanismo budista - El monasterio de las cuevas delbambú. Revista Takiwasi, 2, 57-78
Mabit, J. (2002). Interview de Jacques Mabit par Evelyne Sarah Mercier. Paris, France: ES Mercier.
Mabit, J. (2007). Ayahuasca in the treatment of addictions. M. J. Winkelman. & T. B. Roberts. (Eds), Psychedelic Medicine New Evidence for Hallucinogenic Substances as Treatments (pp. 87–103). Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.
Mabit, J. & González, J. (2013). Hacia una medicina transcultural. Reflexiones y propuestas a partir de la experiencia en Takiwasi. Journal of Transpersonal Research, 5 (2), 49-76.
Manyam, B. V., Dhanasekaran, M. & Hare, T. A. (2004). Neuroprotective effects of the antiparkinson drug Mucuna pruriens. Phytother Res, 18, 706-12.
McGown, J. (2006). Out of Africa: Mysteries of Access and Benefit Sharing. Richmond, South Africa: African Centre for Biosafety.
Medsafe. (2009). Minutes of the 42nd Meeting of the Medicines Classification Committee. Recovered from http://www.medsafe.govt.nz/profs/class/Agendas/agen42.htm.
Meletis, C. D. & Zabriskie, N. (2008). Natural Approaches to Treating Addiction. Alternative and Complementary Therapies, 14 (6), 275-81.
Merica, D. (2017). Trump declares opioid epidemic a national public health emergency. Recovered from https://edition.cnn.com/2017/10/26/politics/donaldtrump-opioid-epidemic/index.html.
Morel, L. J., Giros, B. & Daugé, V. (2009). Adolescent Exposure to Chronic Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Blocks Opiate Dependence in Maternally Deprived Rats. Neuropsychopharmacology, 34 (11), 2469-76.
Naranjo, C. (1969). Psychotherapeutic possibilities of new fantasy-enhancing drugs. Clinical Toxicology, 2, 209-24.
Naranjo, P. (1986). El Ayahuasca en la arqueología ecuatoriana. América Indígena, 46 (1), 117-127.
Nencini, P. (2002). The shaman and the rave party: social pharmacology of ecstasy. Substance Use & Misuse, 37 (8-10), 923-39.
Noller, G. E., Frampton, C. M., & Yazar-Klosinski, B. (2018). Ibogaine treatment outcomes for opioid dependence from a twelve-month follow-up observational study. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 44 (1), 37-46.
Ogalde, J. P., Arriaza, B. T. & Soto, E. C. (2009). Identification of psychoactive alkaloids in ancient Andean human hair by gas chromatography/massspectrometry. Journal of Archaeological Science, 36 (2), 467-72.
Paskulin, R., Jamnik, P., Živin, M., Raspor, P. & Štrukelj, B. (2006). Ibogaine affects brain energy metabolism. European Journal of Pharmacology, 15 (552), 11-4.
Penetar, D. M., Toto, L. H., Lee, D. Y. & Lukas, S. E. (2015). A Single Dose of Kudzu Extract Reduces Alcohol Consumption in a Binge Drinking Paradigm. Drug Alcohol Depend, 153,194-200.
Politi, M. (2018). Healing and Knowledge with Amazonian Shamanic Diet. Psychedelic Plant Medicine. Recovered from https://chacruna.net/healingknowledge-amazonian-shamanic-diet/.
Politi, M., Friso, F. & Mabit, J. (2018). Plant based assisted therapy for the treatment of substance use disorders - part 1. The case of Takiwasi Center and other similar experiences. Revista Cultura y Droga, 23 (26), 99-126. DOI: 10.17151/culdr.2018.23.26.7.
Reiman, A. (2009). Cannabis as a substitute for alcohol and other drugs. Harm Reduction Journal, 6 (35).
Romanoff, S. (2004). El uso de la medicina del sapo. In S. Romanoff (Ed), Matsesën Nampid Chuibanaid. La vida tradicional de los Matsés (pp. 120-122). Lima, Perú: CAAAP.
Sarkar, S. & Varshney, M. (2017). Yoga and substance use disorders: A narrative review. Asian J Psychiatr, 25,191-6.
Sarris, J., Stough, C., Bousman, C. A., Wahid, Z. T., Murray, G., Teschke, R., Savage, KM…,. Schweitzer, I. (2013). Kava in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. J ClinPsychopharmacol, 33 (5), 643-8.
Schenberg, E. E., Comis, M. A., Chaves, B. R. & Silveira, D. X. (2014). Treating drug dependence with the aid of ibogaine: A retrospective study. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 28 (11), 993-1000.
Schep, L., Slaughter R., Galea, S. & Newcombe, D. (2016). Ibogaine for treating drug dependence. What is a safe dose? Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 166 (1), 1-5.
Sen, S. & Chakraborty, R. (2017). Revival, modernization and integration of Indian traditional herbal medicine in clinical practice: importance, challenges and future. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 7 (2), 234-244.
Silva, J. (2017). Fighting addiction at a Thai monastery. Recovered from https://www.reuters.com/article/thailand-drugs-temple-int-idUSKBN18617D.
Steiner, G. G. (2001). Kava as an anticraving agent: Preliminary data. Pac Health Dialog, 8, 335-9.
Talin, P. & Sanabria, E. (2017). Ayahuasca’s entwined efficacy: An ethnographic study of ritual healing from “addiction”. The International Journal on Drug Policy, 44, 23-30.
Terburg, D., Syal, S., Rosenberg, L. A., Heany, S., Phillips, N., Gericke, N., Stein, D. J. & Van Honk, J. (2013). Acute effects of Sceletium tortuosum (Zembrin), a dual 5-HT reuptake and PDE4 inhibitor, in the human amygdala and its connection to the hypothalamus. Neuropsychopharmacology, 38 (13), 2708-16.
Thomas, K., Malcolm, B. & Lastra, D. (2017). Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy: A Review of a Novel Treatment for Psychiatric Disorders. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 49 (5), 446-455.
Ujváry, I. (2014). Psychoactive natural products: overview of recent developments. Ann Ist Super Sanità, 50 (1), 12-27.
Walsh, Z., Gonzalez, R., Crosby, K. S., Thiessen, M., Carroll, C. & Bonn-Miller, M. O. (2017). Medical cannabis and mental health: A guided systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 51,15-29.
Wen, H. & Hockenberry, J. M. (2018). Association of Medical and Adult-Use Marijuana Laws With Opioid Prescribing for Medicaid Enrollees. JAMA Intern Med, 178 (5), 673-9.
WHO. (2016). Management of substance abuse: cannabis. World Health Organization. Recovered from www.who.int/substance_abuse/facts/cannabis/en.2016.
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