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Pacheco, M., Paramo, J., & Acero, A. (2019). First evidence of spatial structure and morphometric relationships of dwarf dory Zenion hololepis (Goode and Bean, 1896) (Zeiformes: Zeniontidae): a deep-sea fish in the colombian caribbean. Boletín Científico. Centro De Museos, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.17151/bccm.2019.23.1.9
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Abstract
Objectives: The objective of this research is to describe for first time the patterns of size structure, morphometric relationships, spatial and bathymetric distribution of the dwarf dory deep-sea fish (Z. hololepis) in the Colombian Caribbean Sea. Scope: Zenion hololepis is reported as one of dominant teleost species with a frequency of occurrence of 57.41%, which makes this species of great ecological importance. Methodology: Samples were collected by trawling in depths between 200 and 550 m. The total length, sex and number of individuals Z. hololepis from each station were recorded. The morphometric relationships Total length (TL) vs Standard length (SL), TL vs Body height (BH), TL vs Eye diameter (ED) and TL vs Head length (HL) were performed. Geostatistical analyses were used to describe the spatial structure of the Z. hololepis distribution. Main results: The size of Z. hololepis females ranged between 58.06 and 121.75 mm total length (mean 80.97 mm, ±13.12) and for males between 57.42 and 114.77 mm TL (mean 77.77 mm, ±13.82). The size structure for female and male showed an increase with depth. In females and males, the growth was negative allometric. The bulk of the biomass was distributed between Cartagena and Morrosquillo Gulf. In the northern zone this species revealed high abundances between Santa Marta and Riohacha. This species was distributed between 230 and 443 m, but higher biomass was found between 320 and 370 m. Conclusions: Further research to know the parameters of life cycle of deep-sea
fish in the Colombian Caribbean Sea such as growth, reproduction, recruitment, mortality, areas and seasons of spawning and nursery areas is required. A highly precautionary approach on these deep-sea species is necessary due to their vulnerability to exploitation.
Keywords:
References
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ABRAMOV, A. & LIPSKAYA, H., 1989.- On the feeding of Epigonus elegans in the region of the Nazca ridge. Journal of Ichthyology, 29(1): 129-134.
ALLEN, T., JIMÉNEZ, M. & VILLAFRANCA, S., 2006.- Estructura y categorías tróficas de peces asociados a praderas de Thalassia testudinum (Hydrocharitales, Hydrocharitaceae) en el Golfo de Cariaco, Estado de Sucre, Venezuela. Investigaciones Marinas Valparaíso, 34(2): 125-136.
BASTOS DE SÃO, R.R., 2014.- Estudo comparativo da alimentação de peixes bentopelágicos no talude continental Brasileiro entre 12° e 23° S: Tesis, Maestría Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Río de Janeiro.
BURNHAM, K.P. & ANDERSON, D.R., 2003.- Model selection and multimodel inference: A practical information-theoretic approach. New York: Springer.
CLARO, R., 1994.- Características generales de la ictiofauna: 55-70 (en) CLARO, R. (ed.) Ecología de los peces marinos de Cuba. La Habana: Instituto de Oceanología Academia de Ciencias de Cuba, Centro de Investigaciones de Quintana Roo.
CRESSIE, N.A.C., 1993.- Statistics for spatial data. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
CUSHING, D.H., 1983.- Climate and Fisheries. London: Academic Press.
DEVINE, J.A., BAKER, K.D. & HAEDRICH, R.L., 2006.- Fisheries: Deep-sea fishes qualify as endangered. Nature, 439: 29.
FERNÁNDEZ-ARCAYA, U., ROTLLANT, G., RAMÍREZ-LLODRA, E., RECASENS, L., AGUZZI, J. & FLEXAS, M., et al., 2013.- Reproductive biology and recruitment of the deep-sea fish community from the NW Mediterranean continental margin. Progress in Oceanography, 118: 222-234.
FOLLESA, M.C., PORCU, C., CABIDDU, S., MULAS, A., DEIANA, A.M. & CAU, A., 2011.- Deepwater fish assemblages in the central-western Mediterranean (south Sardinian deep-waters). Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 27: 129-135.
FRASER, H.M., GREENSTREET, S.P.R. & PIET, G.J., 2009.- Selecting MPAs to conserve groundfish biodiversity: The consequences of failing to account for catchability in survey trawls. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 82-89.
FROESE, R. & SAMPANG, A., 2004.- Taxonomy and biology of seamount fishes: 25-31 (en) MORATO, T. & PAULY, D. (ed.) Biodiversity and Fisheries. Vancouver: Fisheries Centre Research Reports.
GOMES, F.M., 2008.- Caracterização da estrutura da comunidade nectônica demersal da plataforma externa e talude superior da região sul do brasil (28°s-34°s): Tesis, Maestría Oceanografia Biológica, Fundação Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Río de Janeiro.
GOTELLI, N.J. & ELLISON, A.M., 2004.- A primer of ecological statistics. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates.
HAEDRICH, R.L. & ROWE, G.T., 1977.- Megafaunal biomass in the deep-sea. Nature, 269: 141-142.
HAEDRICH, R.L. & BARNES, S.M., 1997.- Changes over time of the size structure in an exploited shelf fish community. Fisheries Research, 31: 229-239.
HEEMSTRA, P.C., 1999.- Macrurocyttidae. Dwarf dories: 2258 (en) CARPENTER, K.E. & NIEM, V.H. (ed.) FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Bony fishes. (Mugilidae to Carangidae). Volume 4. Part 2. Rome: FAO.
HART, P.J.B. & PEARSON, E., 2011.- An application of the theory of island biogeography to fish speciation on seamounts. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 430: 281-288.
HASTIE, T.J. & TIBSHIRANI, R.J., 1990.- Generalized Additive Models. London: Chapman & Hall.
HILBORN, R. & WALTERS, C.J., 1992.- Quantitative fisheries stock assessment. Choice, Dynamics and Uncertainty. London: Chapman & Hall.
ISAAKS, E.H. & SRIVASTAVA, R.M., 1989.- An Introduction to Applied Geostatistics. New York: Oxford University Press.
JACKSON, J. & JACQUET, J., 2011.- The shifting baselines syndrome: Perception, deception, and the future of our oceans: 128-141 (en) CHRISTENSEN, V. & MACLEAN, J. (ed.) Ecosystem Approaches to Fisheries. New York: Oxford University Press.
KOSLOW, J.A., BOEHLERT, G.W., GORDON, J.D.M., HAEDRICH, R.L., LORANCE, P. & PARIN, N., 2000.- Continental slope and deep-sea fisheries: Implications for a fragile ecosystem. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 57: 548-557.
LEAL, E., CONTRERAS, F., OYARZUN, C., 2009.- Distribución, batimetría y alimentación de Epigonus crassicaudus (de Buen, 1959) (Perciformes: Epigonidae) en la costa de Chile. Gayana, 73(1): 95-101.
LOVE, R.M., 1970.- The chemical biology of fishes. London: Academic Press.
LOVE, R.M., 1980.- The chemical biology of fishes. Advances 1968-1977. Vol. 2. London, New York: Academic Press.
MACDONALD, P.D. & PITCHER, T.J., 1979.- Age-groups from size - frequency data: A versatile and efficient method of analyzing distribution mixtures. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 36: 987-1001.
MARASCO, R.J., GOODMAN, D., GRIMES, C.B., LAWSON, P.W., PUNT, A.E. & QUINN, T.J., 2007.- Ecosystem-based fisheries management: Some practical suggestions. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 64: 928-939.
MARTINS, R., COSTA, F.O., MURTA, A.G., CARNEIRO, M. & LANDI, M., 2012.- First record of Zenion hololepis (Zeniontidae) in Portuguese continental waters: The northernmost occurrence in the eastern Atlantic. Marine Biodiversity Records, 5: 1-3.
MÉRIGOT, B., BERTRAND, J.A., GAERTNER, J.C., DURBEC, J.P., MAZOUNI, N. & MANTÉ, C., 2007.- The multicomponent structuration of the species diversity of groundfish assemblages of the east coast of Corsica (Mediterranean Sea): Variation according to the bathymetric strata. Fisheries Research, 88: 120-132.
MORATO, T., WATSON, R., PITCHER, T.J. & PAULY, D., 2006.- Fishing down the Deep. Fish and Fisheries, 7(1): 24-34.
PARAMO, J., 2015.- Deep-sea fishery in the Colombian Caribbean Sea: Management and conservation strategies for an ecosystem approach to fisheries: 16-18 (en) FAO Report of the first meeting of the WECAFC Working Group on the Management of Deep-sea Fisheries. Bridgetown: FAO.
PARAMO, J. & ROA, R., 2003.- Acoustic-geostatistical assessment and habitat-abundance relations of small pelagic fish from the Colombian Caribbean. Fisheries Research, 60: 309-319.
PARAMO, J., QUIÑONES, R.A., RAMÍREZ, A. & WIFF, R., 2003.- Relationship between biomass density of small pelagic and environmental factors in the Colombian Caribbean Sea: An analysis based on hydroacoustic information. Aquatic Living Resources, 16(3): 239-245.
PARAMO, J., CORREA, M. & NÚÑEZ, S., 2011.- Evidencias de desacople físico-biológico en el sistema de surgencia en La Guajira, Caribe colombiano. Revista de Biología Marina y Oceanografía, 46(3): 421-430.
PARAMO, J., GUILLOT, L., BENAVIDES, S., RODRÍGUEZ, A. & SÁNCHEZ, C., 2009.- Aspectos poblacionales y ecológicos de peces demersales de la zona norte del Caribe colombiano en relación con el hábitat: una herramienta para identificar Áreas Marinas Protegidas (AMPs) para el manejo pesquero. Caldasia, 31(1): 123-144.
PARAMO, J., WOLFF, M. & SAINT-PAUL, U., 2012.- Deep-sea fish assemblages in the Colombian Caribbean Sea. Fisheries Research, 125-126: 87-98.
PARAMO, J. & SAINT-PAUL, U., 2012.- Deep-sea shrimps Aristaeomorpha foliacea and Pleoticus robustus (Crustacea: Penaeoidea) in the Colombian Caribbean Sea as a new potential fishing resource. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 92(4): 811-818.
PARAMO, J. & SAINT-PAUL, U., 2012.- Spatial structure of deep sea lobster (Metanephrops binghami) in the Colombian Caribbean Sea. Helgoland Marine Research, 66: 25-31.
PARAMO, J. & SAINT-PAUL, U., 2012.- Spatial structure of the pink speckled deep-sea shrimp Penaeopsis serrata (Bate, 1881) (Decapoda, Penaeidae) during november-december 2009 in the Colombian Caribbean Sea. Crustaceana, 85(1): 103-116.
PARIN, N.V., MIRONOV, A.N. & NESIS, K.N., 1997.- Biology of the Nazca and Sala-y-Gomez submarine ridges, an outpost of the Indo-West Pacific fauna in the Eastern Pacific ocean: Composition and distribution of the fauna, its community and history. Advances in Marine Biology, 32: 145-242.
PATOKINA, F. & LITVINOV, F., 2005.- Food composition and distribution of elasmobranches on the shelf and upper slope of the Eastern Central Atlantic. ICES CM, 26.
PETITGAS, P., 1993.- Geostatistics for fish stock assessments: A review and an acoustic application. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 50: 285-298.
PETITGAS, P. & PRAMPART, A., 1995.- EVA: Estimation variance: A geostatistical software for structure characterization and variance computation. Montpellier: Editions Orstom.
POLLINI, P., HAEDRICH, R.L., ROWE, G. & CLIFFORD, C.H., 1979.- The size-depth relationship in deep ocean animals. Hydrobiologia, 64(1): 39-46.
RIVOIRARD, J., SIMMONDS, J., FOOTE, K.G., FERNANDES, P. & BEZ, N., 2000.- Geostatistics for estimating fish abundance. Oxford: Blackwell Science.
ROA-VARÓN, A., SAAVEDRA-DÍAZ, L., ACERO, A., MEJÍA, L. & NAVAS, G., 2003.- Nuevos registros de peces óseos para el Caribe colombiano de los Ordenes Beryciformes, Zeiformes, Perciformes y Tetraodontiformes. Boletín de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras, 32(1): 3-24.
ROBERTS, C.M., 2002.- Deep impact: The rising toll of fishing in the deep sea. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 17: 242-245.
ROMERO-RODRÍGUEZ, D., BERNAL, G. & ZEA, S., 2014.- Variables ambientales durante blanqueamiento coralino en el Caribe colombiano. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, 38(149): 347-355.
STEFANESCU, C., RUCABADO, J. & LLORIS, D., 1992.- Depth-size trends in western Mediterranean demersal deep-sea fishes. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 81: 205-213.
SANCHES, J.G., 1991.- Catálogo dos principais peixes marinhos da República de Guiné-Bissau. Lisboa: Instituto Nacional de Investigacao das Pescas.
SCOTT, W.B. & SCOTT, M.G., 1988.- Atlantic fishes of Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
SHIN, Y.J., ROCHET, M.J., JENNINGS, S., FIELD, J.G. & GISLASON, H., 2005.- Using size-based indicators to evaluate the ecosystem effects of fishing. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 62: 384-396.
WORM, B., BARBIER, E.B., BEAUMONT, N., DUFFY, J.E., FOLKE, C. & HALPERN, B.S., et al., 2006.- Impacts of biodiversity loss on ocean ecosystem services. Science, 314: 787-790.
YANG, J., HUANG, Z., CHEN, S. & LI, Q., 1996.- The Deep-Water Pelagic Fishes in the Area from Nansha Islands to the Northeast part of South China Sea. Beijing: Science Publication Company.
ZETINA, M.C., RÍOS, L.G. & CERVERA, C.K., 1996.- Relaciones morfométricas de la langosta Panulirus argus de las costas de Yucatán, México. Ciencia Pesquera, 12: 41-45.
ZAR, J.H. 2010.- Biostatistical Analysis. Edinburgh: Pearson.
ABRAMOV, A. & LIPSKAYA, H., 1989.- On the feeding of Epigonus elegans in the region of the Nazca ridge. Journal of Ichthyology, 29(1): 129-134.
ALLEN, T., JIMÉNEZ, M. & VILLAFRANCA, S., 2006.- Estructura y categorías tróficas de peces asociados a praderas de Thalassia testudinum (Hydrocharitales, Hydrocharitaceae) en el Golfo de Cariaco, Estado de Sucre, Venezuela. Investigaciones Marinas Valparaíso, 34(2): 125-136.
BASTOS DE SÃO, R.R., 2014.- Estudo comparativo da alimentação de peixes bentopelágicos no talude continental Brasileiro entre 12° e 23° S: Tesis, Maestría Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Río de Janeiro.
BURNHAM, K.P. & ANDERSON, D.R., 2003.- Model selection and multimodel inference: A practical information-theoretic approach. New York: Springer.
CLARO, R., 1994.- Características generales de la ictiofauna: 55-70 (en) CLARO, R. (ed.) Ecología de los peces marinos de Cuba. La Habana: Instituto de Oceanología Academia de Ciencias de Cuba, Centro de Investigaciones de Quintana Roo.
CRESSIE, N.A.C., 1993.- Statistics for spatial data. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
CUSHING, D.H., 1983.- Climate and Fisheries. London: Academic Press.
DEVINE, J.A., BAKER, K.D. & HAEDRICH, R.L., 2006.- Fisheries: Deep-sea fishes qualify as endangered. Nature, 439: 29.
FERNÁNDEZ-ARCAYA, U., ROTLLANT, G., RAMÍREZ-LLODRA, E., RECASENS, L., AGUZZI, J. & FLEXAS, M., et al., 2013.- Reproductive biology and recruitment of the deep-sea fish community from the NW Mediterranean continental margin. Progress in Oceanography, 118: 222-234.
FOLLESA, M.C., PORCU, C., CABIDDU, S., MULAS, A., DEIANA, A.M. & CAU, A., 2011.- Deepwater fish assemblages in the central-western Mediterranean (south Sardinian deep-waters). Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 27: 129-135.
FRASER, H.M., GREENSTREET, S.P.R. & PIET, G.J., 2009.- Selecting MPAs to conserve groundfish biodiversity: The consequences of failing to account for catchability in survey trawls. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 82-89.
FROESE, R. & SAMPANG, A., 2004.- Taxonomy and biology of seamount fishes: 25-31 (en) MORATO, T. & PAULY, D. (ed.) Biodiversity and Fisheries. Vancouver: Fisheries Centre Research Reports.
GOMES, F.M., 2008.- Caracterização da estrutura da comunidade nectônica demersal da plataforma externa e talude superior da região sul do brasil (28°s-34°s): Tesis, Maestría Oceanografia Biológica, Fundação Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Río de Janeiro.
GOTELLI, N.J. & ELLISON, A.M., 2004.- A primer of ecological statistics. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates.
HAEDRICH, R.L. & ROWE, G.T., 1977.- Megafaunal biomass in the deep-sea. Nature, 269: 141-142.
HAEDRICH, R.L. & BARNES, S.M., 1997.- Changes over time of the size structure in an exploited shelf fish community. Fisheries Research, 31: 229-239.
HEEMSTRA, P.C., 1999.- Macrurocyttidae. Dwarf dories: 2258 (en) CARPENTER, K.E. & NIEM, V.H. (ed.) FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Bony fishes. (Mugilidae to Carangidae). Volume 4. Part 2. Rome: FAO.
HART, P.J.B. & PEARSON, E., 2011.- An application of the theory of island biogeography to fish speciation on seamounts. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 430: 281-288.
HASTIE, T.J. & TIBSHIRANI, R.J., 1990.- Generalized Additive Models. London: Chapman & Hall.
HILBORN, R. & WALTERS, C.J., 1992.- Quantitative fisheries stock assessment. Choice, Dynamics and Uncertainty. London: Chapman & Hall.
ISAAKS, E.H. & SRIVASTAVA, R.M., 1989.- An Introduction to Applied Geostatistics. New York: Oxford University Press.
JACKSON, J. & JACQUET, J., 2011.- The shifting baselines syndrome: Perception, deception, and the future of our oceans: 128-141 (en) CHRISTENSEN, V. & MACLEAN, J. (ed.) Ecosystem Approaches to Fisheries. New York: Oxford University Press.
KOSLOW, J.A., BOEHLERT, G.W., GORDON, J.D.M., HAEDRICH, R.L., LORANCE, P. & PARIN, N., 2000.- Continental slope and deep-sea fisheries: Implications for a fragile ecosystem. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 57: 548-557.
LEAL, E., CONTRERAS, F., OYARZUN, C., 2009.- Distribución, batimetría y alimentación de Epigonus crassicaudus (de Buen, 1959) (Perciformes: Epigonidae) en la costa de Chile. Gayana, 73(1): 95-101.
LOVE, R.M., 1970.- The chemical biology of fishes. London: Academic Press.
LOVE, R.M., 1980.- The chemical biology of fishes. Advances 1968-1977. Vol. 2. London, New York: Academic Press.
MACDONALD, P.D. & PITCHER, T.J., 1979.- Age-groups from size - frequency data: A versatile and efficient method of analyzing distribution mixtures. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 36: 987-1001.
MARASCO, R.J., GOODMAN, D., GRIMES, C.B., LAWSON, P.W., PUNT, A.E. & QUINN, T.J., 2007.- Ecosystem-based fisheries management: Some practical suggestions. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 64: 928-939.
MARTINS, R., COSTA, F.O., MURTA, A.G., CARNEIRO, M. & LANDI, M., 2012.- First record of Zenion hololepis (Zeniontidae) in Portuguese continental waters: The northernmost occurrence in the eastern Atlantic. Marine Biodiversity Records, 5: 1-3.
MÉRIGOT, B., BERTRAND, J.A., GAERTNER, J.C., DURBEC, J.P., MAZOUNI, N. & MANTÉ, C., 2007.- The multicomponent structuration of the species diversity of groundfish assemblages of the east coast of Corsica (Mediterranean Sea): Variation according to the bathymetric strata. Fisheries Research, 88: 120-132.
MORATO, T., WATSON, R., PITCHER, T.J. & PAULY, D., 2006.- Fishing down the Deep. Fish and Fisheries, 7(1): 24-34.
PARAMO, J., 2015.- Deep-sea fishery in the Colombian Caribbean Sea: Management and conservation strategies for an ecosystem approach to fisheries: 16-18 (en) FAO Report of the first meeting of the WECAFC Working Group on the Management of Deep-sea Fisheries. Bridgetown: FAO.
PARAMO, J. & ROA, R., 2003.- Acoustic-geostatistical assessment and habitat-abundance relations of small pelagic fish from the Colombian Caribbean. Fisheries Research, 60: 309-319.
PARAMO, J., QUIÑONES, R.A., RAMÍREZ, A. & WIFF, R., 2003.- Relationship between biomass density of small pelagic and environmental factors in the Colombian Caribbean Sea: An analysis based on hydroacoustic information. Aquatic Living Resources, 16(3): 239-245.
PARAMO, J., CORREA, M. & NÚÑEZ, S., 2011.- Evidencias de desacople físico-biológico en el sistema de surgencia en La Guajira, Caribe colombiano. Revista de Biología Marina y Oceanografía, 46(3): 421-430.
PARAMO, J., GUILLOT, L., BENAVIDES, S., RODRÍGUEZ, A. & SÁNCHEZ, C., 2009.- Aspectos poblacionales y ecológicos de peces demersales de la zona norte del Caribe colombiano en relación con el hábitat: una herramienta para identificar Áreas Marinas Protegidas (AMPs) para el manejo pesquero. Caldasia, 31(1): 123-144.
PARAMO, J., WOLFF, M. & SAINT-PAUL, U., 2012.- Deep-sea fish assemblages in the Colombian Caribbean Sea. Fisheries Research, 125-126: 87-98.
PARAMO, J. & SAINT-PAUL, U., 2012.- Deep-sea shrimps Aristaeomorpha foliacea and Pleoticus robustus (Crustacea: Penaeoidea) in the Colombian Caribbean Sea as a new potential fishing resource. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 92(4): 811-818.
PARAMO, J. & SAINT-PAUL, U., 2012.- Spatial structure of deep sea lobster (Metanephrops binghami) in the Colombian Caribbean Sea. Helgoland Marine Research, 66: 25-31.
PARAMO, J. & SAINT-PAUL, U., 2012.- Spatial structure of the pink speckled deep-sea shrimp Penaeopsis serrata (Bate, 1881) (Decapoda, Penaeidae) during november-december 2009 in the Colombian Caribbean Sea. Crustaceana, 85(1): 103-116.
PARIN, N.V., MIRONOV, A.N. & NESIS, K.N., 1997.- Biology of the Nazca and Sala-y-Gomez submarine ridges, an outpost of the Indo-West Pacific fauna in the Eastern Pacific ocean: Composition and distribution of the fauna, its community and history. Advances in Marine Biology, 32: 145-242.
PATOKINA, F. & LITVINOV, F., 2005.- Food composition and distribution of elasmobranches on the shelf and upper slope of the Eastern Central Atlantic. ICES CM, 26.
PETITGAS, P., 1993.- Geostatistics for fish stock assessments: A review and an acoustic application. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 50: 285-298.
PETITGAS, P. & PRAMPART, A., 1995.- EVA: Estimation variance: A geostatistical software for structure characterization and variance computation. Montpellier: Editions Orstom.
POLLINI, P., HAEDRICH, R.L., ROWE, G. & CLIFFORD, C.H., 1979.- The size-depth relationship in deep ocean animals. Hydrobiologia, 64(1): 39-46.
RIVOIRARD, J., SIMMONDS, J., FOOTE, K.G., FERNANDES, P. & BEZ, N., 2000.- Geostatistics for estimating fish abundance. Oxford: Blackwell Science.
ROA-VARÓN, A., SAAVEDRA-DÍAZ, L., ACERO, A., MEJÍA, L. & NAVAS, G., 2003.- Nuevos registros de peces óseos para el Caribe colombiano de los Ordenes Beryciformes, Zeiformes, Perciformes y Tetraodontiformes. Boletín de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras, 32(1): 3-24.
ROBERTS, C.M., 2002.- Deep impact: The rising toll of fishing in the deep sea. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 17: 242-245.
ROMERO-RODRÍGUEZ, D., BERNAL, G. & ZEA, S., 2014.- Variables ambientales durante blanqueamiento coralino en el Caribe colombiano. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, 38(149): 347-355.
STEFANESCU, C., RUCABADO, J. & LLORIS, D., 1992.- Depth-size trends in western Mediterranean demersal deep-sea fishes. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 81: 205-213.
SANCHES, J.G., 1991.- Catálogo dos principais peixes marinhos da República de Guiné-Bissau. Lisboa: Instituto Nacional de Investigacao das Pescas.
SCOTT, W.B. & SCOTT, M.G., 1988.- Atlantic fishes of Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
SHIN, Y.J., ROCHET, M.J., JENNINGS, S., FIELD, J.G. & GISLASON, H., 2005.- Using size-based indicators to evaluate the ecosystem effects of fishing. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 62: 384-396.
WORM, B., BARBIER, E.B., BEAUMONT, N., DUFFY, J.E., FOLKE, C. & HALPERN, B.S., et al., 2006.- Impacts of biodiversity loss on ocean ecosystem services. Science, 314: 787-790.
YANG, J., HUANG, Z., CHEN, S. & LI, Q., 1996.- The Deep-Water Pelagic Fishes in the Area from Nansha Islands to the Northeast part of South China Sea. Beijing: Science Publication Company.
ZETINA, M.C., RÍOS, L.G. & CERVERA, C.K., 1996.- Relaciones morfométricas de la langosta Panulirus argus de las costas de Yucatán, México. Ciencia Pesquera, 12: 41-45.
ZAR, J.H. 2010.- Biostatistical Analysis. Edinburgh: Pearson.
