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José, Edilson Quenán, Y. ., & Giraldo-Jiménez, L. . (2015). Lactate and glucose levels in blood plasma of dogs during the first hour of surgery. Revista Veterinaria Y Zootecnia (On Line), 9(2), 79–89. https://doi.org/10.17151/vetzo.2015.9.2.7
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Abstract
Animal surgery generates a surgical-metabolic stress product of anesthesia and other processes during surgery that forces the body to condition its basal metabolism. The goal is to compare the levels of glucose and lactate in blood plasma of dogs undergoing surgery under general anesthesia, analyzing their correlation during the first hour of surgery. Blood plasma samples were obtained from 19 Creole breed fasting, adult dogs between males and females, which entered different surgical procedures under general anesthesia. The results were analyzed through the IBM SPSS Statistics 23 program. The levels of glucose (mg/dl) in patients before surgery, according to the mean present values of 99.47± 14.51, and subjected to surgery under general anesthesia effects, depending on time have the following values: 91.68±18.97, 104.21±38.09, 115.31±34.42 and 117.15±30.62. Statistically significant difference (P<0.005) was observed. Lactate levels (mmol/L) in patients before surgery, according to average, have values of 2.47±1.2 and those undergoing surgery under general anesthesia effects depending on time have the following values: 2.23±0.98, 2.4±1.32, 2.02±1.002 and 1.7±1.5. It is observed that there is no statistically significant difference (P>0.005). In all patients metabolic stress was detected with subsequent elevation of glucose levels in the first hour of the surgical procedure, while lactate levels did not have significant variations.
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References
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Dillon, A.; Menard, M.; Newman, R.; et al. Glucometer analysis of one-hour glucose challenge sample. Am.J. Obstet. Gynecol, v.177, n.5, p.1120-1123, 1997.
Englehart, M.S.; Schreiber, M.A. Measurement of acid–base resuscitation endpoints: lactate, base deficit, bicarbonate or what? CurrOpinCritCare, v.12, p.569–74, 2006.
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Kutza, J.: Gratz, I.; Afshar, M.; et al. The effects of general anesthesia and surgery on basal and interferon stimulated natural killer activity of humans. AnesthAnalg, v.85, p.918-23, 1997.
Laiño, F.A.; Duperly, J. El Ácido láctico en la Medicina del Deporte. (Revisión).Acta Colombiana de Medicina del Deporte, v.2, 1994.
Lamarche, L.; Yamaguchi, N.; Peronnet, F. Hepatic denervation reduces adrenal catecholamine secretion during insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Am J Physiol, v.268, p.50-7, 1995.
Levraut, J.; Ciebiera, J.P.; Chave, S.; et al. Mild hyperlactatemia in stable septic patients is due to impaired lactate clearance rather than overproduction. Am J RespirCrit Care Med, v.157, p.1021–1026, 1998.
Méndez, D.J.; Ramos, H.G. Animal models in diabetes research. Arch Med Res, v.25, p.367-375, 1994.
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Piccione, G.; Casella, S.; Panzera, M.; et al. Effect of moderate treadmill exercise on some physiological parameters in untrained beagle dogs. ExpAnim, v.61, n.5, p.511- 515, 2012.
Pierluissi, J.; Campbell, J. Growth hormone and metasomatotrophic diabetes: effects on insulin and proinsulin of serum and pancreas in dogs. Diabetologia, v.21, p.558-562, 1981.
Regueiro-Purriños, M; Ajenjo, J.M.; De Prado, A.P.; et al. Anestesia en el modelo animal de investigación cardiovascular. Rev Española de Cardiología, v.13, p.47-56, 2013 (suppl. 2)
Schwartz, Seymour I. Principios de cirugía. Respuestas endócrinas y metabólicas a la lesión. 5 .ed. Editorial Interamericana, 1990. 59p.
Strömmer, L.; Permert, J.; Arnelo, U.; et al. Skeletal muscleinsulin resistance after trauma: insulin signaling and glucose transport. Am J Physiol, v.275, p.351-8, 1998.
Tadich, N.; Gallo, C.; Echeverría, R.; et al. Efecto del ayuno durante dos tiempos de confinamiento y de transporte terrestre sobre algunas variables sanguíneas indicadoras de estrés en novillos. Arch Med Vet, v.35, p.171-185, 2003.
Thorell, A.; Effendic, S.; Gutniak, M.; et al. Insulin resistance after abdominal surgery.Br J Surg, v.8, p.59-63, 1994.
Väisänen, M., Raekallio, M., Kuusela, E., Huttunen, P., Leppäluoto, J., Kirves, P., Vainio, O., 2002. Evaluation of the perioperative stress response in dogs administered medetomidine or acepromazine as part of the preanesthetic medication.American Journal of Veterinary Research 63, 969–975.
Van Hoogmoed, L.; Rodger, L.D.; Spier, S.J.; et al. Evaluation of peritoneal fluid pH, glucose concentration, and lactate dehydrogenase activity for detection of septic peritonitis in horses. J Am VetMedAssoc, v.214, p.1032–1036, 1999.
Vaquero-Morillo, F.; Ballesteros-Pomar, M.; Fernández-Morán, M.C.; et al. Modelos animales para el aprendizaje de la cirugía endovascular. Angiología, v.66, n.5, p.254- 261, 2014.
Weissman, Charles. The metabolic response to stress: An overview and update;Anesthesiology, v.73, p.308-327, 1990.
Yamada, F.; Inoue, S.; Sayito, T.; et al. Glucoregulatory hormones in the immobilization stress-induced increase of plasma glucose in fasted and fed rats.Endocrinology, v.132, p.2199-2205, 1993.
Allweiler, S. How to Improve Anesthesia and Analgesia in Small Mammals.Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice. v.19, n.2, p. 361-377, 2016.
Benson, G.J.; Grubb, T.L.; Neff-Davis, C.; et al. Perioperative stress in response in the dog: Effect of pre-emptive administration of medetomidine. Veterinary Surgery, v.29, p.85–91, 2000.
Carli, F.; Phil, M.; Benneth G, J. Pain and postoperative recovery. Anesthesiology, v.95, p.573-4, 2001.
Chandler, M.L.; Guilford, W.G.; Maxwell, A.; et al. A pilot study of protein sparing in healthy dogs using peripheral parenteral nutrition. Res Vet Sci, v.69, p.47-52, 2000.
Coppo JA. Fisiología comparada del medio interno. Ed. Dunken. Buenos Aires, 2001.
Coppo, J.A.; Mussart de Coppo, N.B. Valoración del riesgo anestésico-quirurgico en pequeños animales. REDVET, v.6, n.10, p.1-10, 2005.
Cubillos, V.; López, C.; Alberdi, A. Estudio histopatológico e inmunohistoquímico de páncreas en perros diabéticos inducidos con aloxano. Arch. med. Vet, v.40, n.2, p. 169-177, 2008.
De la Fuente, J.; Díaz, M.T.; Álvarez, I.; et al. Estandarización de las metodologías para evaluar la calidad del producto (animal vivo, canal, carne y grasa) en los rumiantes. INIA, v.14, p.47-60, 2005.
Demers, P.; Elkouri, S.; Martineau, R.; et al. Outcome with high blood lactate levels during cardiopulmonary bypass in adult cardiac operation. AnnThoracSurg, v.70, n.6, p. 2082-6, 2000.
Desborough, J.P. The stress response to trauma and surgery. Br J Anaesth, v.85, p.109- 17, 2000.
Díaz, E.; Israel, A. Papel de la aldosterona y las glándulas suprarrenales en la acción renal de la adrenomedulina administrada centralmente. AVFT, v.23, n.2, p. 127-135, 2004.
Dillon, A.; Menard, M.; Newman, R.; et al. Glucometer analysis of one-hour glucose challenge sample. Am.J. Obstet. Gynecol, v.177, n.5, p.1120-1123, 1997.
Englehart, M.S.; Schreiber, M.A. Measurement of acid–base resuscitation endpoints: lactate, base deficit, bicarbonate or what? CurrOpinCritCare, v.12, p.569–74, 2006.
Escobar, I. C. Respuesta fisiológica al estrés anestésico quirúrgico. ActaMédica, v.10, p.1-2, 2002.
Flecknell, P.A.; Thomas, A.A. Comparative anesthesia and analgesia of laboratory animals. Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia. 9 ed. Lumb and Jones, 2015. 754–63 p.
Ko, J.C.H.; Mandsager, R.E.; Lange, D.N.; et al. Cardiorespiratory responses and plasma cortisol concentrations in dogs treated with medetomidine before undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, v. 217, p. 509–514, 2000.
Kutza, J.: Gratz, I.; Afshar, M.; et al. The effects of general anesthesia and surgery on basal and interferon stimulated natural killer activity of humans. AnesthAnalg, v.85, p.918-23, 1997.
Laiño, F.A.; Duperly, J. El Ácido láctico en la Medicina del Deporte. (Revisión).Acta Colombiana de Medicina del Deporte, v.2, 1994.
Lamarche, L.; Yamaguchi, N.; Peronnet, F. Hepatic denervation reduces adrenal catecholamine secretion during insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Am J Physiol, v.268, p.50-7, 1995.
Levraut, J.; Ciebiera, J.P.; Chave, S.; et al. Mild hyperlactatemia in stable septic patients is due to impaired lactate clearance rather than overproduction. Am J RespirCrit Care Med, v.157, p.1021–1026, 1998.
Méndez, D.J.; Ramos, H.G. Animal models in diabetes research. Arch Med Res, v.25, p.367-375, 1994.
Odom, S.R.; Howell, M.D.; Silva, G.S.; et al. Lactate clearance as a predictor of mortality in trauma patients. J Trauma Acute Care Surg, v.74, p. 999–1004, 2013.
Otero, P.; Jacomet, L. Protocolos anestésicos y analgésicos en procedimientos específicos. En: Dolor, evaluación y tratamiento en pequeños animales. 1.ed. Buenos Aires, Argentina: ntermédica, 2004. 259-260 p.
Piccione, G.; Casella, S.; Panzera, M.; et al. Effect of moderate treadmill exercise on some physiological parameters in untrained beagle dogs. ExpAnim, v.61, n.5, p.511- 515, 2012.
Pierluissi, J.; Campbell, J. Growth hormone and metasomatotrophic diabetes: effects on insulin and proinsulin of serum and pancreas in dogs. Diabetologia, v.21, p.558-562, 1981.
Regueiro-Purriños, M; Ajenjo, J.M.; De Prado, A.P.; et al. Anestesia en el modelo animal de investigación cardiovascular. Rev Española de Cardiología, v.13, p.47-56, 2013 (suppl. 2)
Schwartz, Seymour I. Principios de cirugía. Respuestas endócrinas y metabólicas a la lesión. 5 .ed. Editorial Interamericana, 1990. 59p.
Strömmer, L.; Permert, J.; Arnelo, U.; et al. Skeletal muscleinsulin resistance after trauma: insulin signaling and glucose transport. Am J Physiol, v.275, p.351-8, 1998.
Tadich, N.; Gallo, C.; Echeverría, R.; et al. Efecto del ayuno durante dos tiempos de confinamiento y de transporte terrestre sobre algunas variables sanguíneas indicadoras de estrés en novillos. Arch Med Vet, v.35, p.171-185, 2003.
Thorell, A.; Effendic, S.; Gutniak, M.; et al. Insulin resistance after abdominal surgery.Br J Surg, v.8, p.59-63, 1994.
Väisänen, M., Raekallio, M., Kuusela, E., Huttunen, P., Leppäluoto, J., Kirves, P., Vainio, O., 2002. Evaluation of the perioperative stress response in dogs administered medetomidine or acepromazine as part of the preanesthetic medication.American Journal of Veterinary Research 63, 969–975.
Van Hoogmoed, L.; Rodger, L.D.; Spier, S.J.; et al. Evaluation of peritoneal fluid pH, glucose concentration, and lactate dehydrogenase activity for detection of septic peritonitis in horses. J Am VetMedAssoc, v.214, p.1032–1036, 1999.
Vaquero-Morillo, F.; Ballesteros-Pomar, M.; Fernández-Morán, M.C.; et al. Modelos animales para el aprendizaje de la cirugía endovascular. Angiología, v.66, n.5, p.254- 261, 2014.
Weissman, Charles. The metabolic response to stress: An overview and update;Anesthesiology, v.73, p.308-327, 1990.
Yamada, F.; Inoue, S.; Sayito, T.; et al. Glucoregulatory hormones in the immobilization stress-induced increase of plasma glucose in fasted and fed rats.Endocrinology, v.132, p.2199-2205, 1993.
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