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Fecha Publicación: 2010-12-17
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Aricapa, H. J. ., Jaramillo, A. ., Martínez, J. M. ., & Suikan, F. . (2010). Monitoreo serológico para Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae en cerdos, desde el nacimiento hasta la semana 14 de vida. Revista Veterinaria Y Zootecnia (On Line), 4(2), 37–47. Recuperado a partir de https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/vetzootec/article/view/5596
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RESUMEN: Las enfermedades respiratorias se consideran uno de los problemas de salud animal más importantes en la producción porcina. El Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae es el agente bacteriano primario más importante, con baja mortalidad, disminución de la ganancia media diaria de peso, la conversión alimenticia y daños al epitelio ciliado de las vías aéreas y los pulmones. El estudio evaluó la protección de la vacunación contra Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, tanto en hembras como en lechones. El monitoreo serológico se realizó en nueve granjas comerciales, obteniendo muestras de sangre de un grupo de 83 cerdas escogidas al azar con 90 a 95 días de gestación (primero a quinto parto) y al momento del parto, distribuidas según el muestreo estratificado por número de partos, granja y el esquema vacunal 2x2 factorial de vacunación o no vacunación en madres y lechones. De cada hembra se escogieron 4 lechones, identificados al momento del parto y muestreados durante las semanas 2, 4, 6, 9 y 12. El total de muestras recolectadas fue de 1835, procesadas mediante la técnica de Elisa, utilizando el Kit de laboratorios IDEXX, la vacuna empleada fue Respisure®. El análisis comparativo de los 4 tratamientos en los lechones, indicó que los títulos serológicos contra Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae en lechones fueron mayores en lechones vacunados hijos de madres vacunadas que en los otros grupos (P<0,01), lo cual garantiza una adecuada inmunidad contra Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae y sugiere la importancia de vacunar tanto a hembras como a lechones.
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Citas
Amass, S.F.; Clark, L.K.; Van Alstine, W.G.; Bowersock, T.L.; Murphy, D.A.; Knox, K.E.; Albregts, S.R. Interaction of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Pasteurella multocida
infections in swine. JAVMA, v.204, p.102- 107, 1994.
Baccaro, M.R.; Hirose, F.; Umehara, O.; Goncalves, L.; Sabbatini, D.; Paixâo, R.; Tieko, L.; Micke, A. Comparative efficacy of two single-dose bacterins in the control of
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in swine raised under commercial conditions in Brazil. The Veterinary Journal, v.172, p.526-531, 2006.
Calsamiglia, M. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Epidemiología y control. Revista de Ciencias Veterinarias, p.1-4, 2004.
Calsamiglia, M.; Pijoan, C. Colonisation state and colostral immunity to Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae of different parity sows. Vet. Rec., v.146, p. 530-532, 2000.
Calsamiglia, M.; Sibila, M.; Vidal, D.; Badiella, L.l.; Aldaz, A.; Jensen, J.C.E. Dynamics of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection in different Spanish production systems using nested PCR and ELISA. Proc. IPVS, 2002. 102p.
Camacho, C.; Calle, S. Neumonía enzoótica porcina. Mundo Avícola y Porcino, v.45, p. 48-50, 2003.
Chen, J.R.; Lin, J.H.; Weng, C.N. Identification of a novel adhesin-like glycoprotein from Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Veterinary Microbiology, n.62, p.97-110, 1999.
Ciprian, A.; Pijoan, C.; Cruz, T.; Camacho, J.; Tortora, J.; Colmenares, G.; López-Revilla, R.; de la Garza, M. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae increases the susceptibility of pigs to
experimental Pasteurella multocida pneumonia. Can. J. Vet. Res., v.52, p.434-438, 1988.
Clark, L.K.; Armstrong, C.H.; Freeman, M.J.; Scheidt, A.B.; Sands-Freeman, L.; Knox, K. Investigating the transmission of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in a swine herd with enzootic pneumonia. Vet. Med., May, p.543-550, 1991.
Clota, J.; Navarra, I.; Costa, P. Evaluation of the efficacy of mypravac Suis in challenged pigs. 14th International IOM Congress, Vienna, Austria, 2002.
Estrada, E.F. Todo lo que usted quiere saber sobre Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. 2003. Available at: http://www.porcinocultura.com Accessed on: 20/12/2006.
Fuentes, M.; Pijoan, C. Phagocytosis and intracellular killing of P. multocida by porcine alveolar macrophages after infection with pseudorabies virus. Vet Immunol Immunopathol, v.13, p.165-172, 1986.
________. Pneumonia in pigs induced by intranasal challenge exposure with pseudorabies virus and Pasteurella multocida. Am J Vet Res, v.48, p.1446-1448, 1987.
Goodwin, R.F.W. Apparent reinfection of enzootic pneumonia-free pig herds: search for possible causes. Vet. Rec., v.116, p.690-694, 1985.
Grosse, B.E.; Beilage, E.G.; Rohde, N.; Krieter, J. Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with seropositivity in sows from 67 herds in northwest Germany infected with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, v.88, p.255-263, 2009.
Guerrero, R.; Miyat, J.; Gorham, P. Incidence and economic implications of neumonias and a trophics rhinits in pigs in the USA and Canada. Proceedings of the 10th Congress of the International pig Veterinary Society, 1988. p.421.
Hill, A.; Scheidt, C. Relationship between the indicators of performance and the of pneumonic lesions from pigs at slaugther. Mansfield Street, London USA. Res Vet Sci, v.64, p.240-244, 1994.
Hsu, T.; Minion, C.F. identification of the cilium binding epitope of the Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. P97 adhesin. Infection and Immunity, v.66, n.10, p.4762-4766, 1998.
Ibarra, M. Evidencia de la presencia de Mycoplasma hyopmeumoniae en cerdos provenientes de granja de crianza artesanal. Lima: Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Univ. Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2000. 60p. Tesis (Médico Veterinario).
Jayappa, H.; Davis, R.; Rapp-Gabrielson, V.; Wasmoen, T.; Thacker, E.L. Evaluation of the efficacy of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae bacterin following immunization of young pigs
in the presence of varying levels of maternal antibodies. Proc. AASV. Ann. Meet., p.237- 241, 2001.
Jensen, C.S.; Ersboll, A.K.; Nielsen, J.P. A metaanalysis comparing the effect of vaccines against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae on daily weigh gain in pigs. Preventive Veterinary medicine, v.54, p.265-278, 2002.
Kendall, W.; Faulds, D.H., Rosey, E.; Yancey Jr, R. Characterization of the gene encoding Mhp1 from Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and examination of Mhp1’s vaccine potential. Vaccine, v.15(1), p.25-35, 1997.
Kobisch, M.; Friis, N.F. Swine Mycoplasmoses. Rev. Sci. Tech. off. Int. Epiz., p.1569-1605, 1998.
Leman, A.D.; Straw, B.; Glock, R.D.; Mengeling, W.L.; Penny, R.H.C.; Scholl, E. Diseases of Swine. Eith Edition. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press, 2000. p.469-478.
Lobo, E. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and its relation with the respiratory process in swine. REDVET, v.6, n.10, octubre de 2005. Available at: http:// www.veterinaria.org/revistas/redvet Accessed on: 02/12/2009.
Lobo, E.; Pérez, M.R.; Bulnes, C.G. Trastornos respiratorios del cerdo en Cuba. Etiología, diagnóstico y medidas de control. Evento Centroamericano y del Caribe de Porcinocultura. Palacio de las Convenciones, La Habana, Cuba, 2005.
Maes, D.; Deluyker, H.; Verdonck, M.; Castryck, F.; Miry, C.; Vrijens, V.; Verbeke, W.; Viaene, J.; de Kruij, A. Effect of vaccination against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in pig herds with an all-in/all-out production system. Vaccine, v.17, p.1024-1034, 1999.
Maes, D.; Segales, J.; Meyns, T.; Sibila, M.; Pieters, M.; Haesebrouck, F. Control of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infections in pigs. Veterinary Microbiology, v.126, p.297-309, 2008.
Maes, D.; Verbeke, W.; Vicca, J.; de Kruij, A. Benefit to cost of vaccination against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in pig herds under Belgian market conditions from 1996 to 2000. Livestock Production Science, v.83, p.85-93, 2003.
Maes, D.; Verdonek, M.; Verbeke, W.; Viaene, J.; de Kruij, A. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae: Benefit to cost of vaccinations. Am. Assoc. Swine Practitioners, v.32, p.327-333, 2000.
Marco, E. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae: elección de la mejor pauta de vacunación. Suis, 8, Junio, 2004. Available at: http://www.3tres3.com/buscando/ mycoplasma-hyopneumoniae: -eleccion-de-lamejor-pauta-de- vacunacion_ 917/ Accessed on: 02/02/2007.
Martínez, J.; Peris, B.; Gómez, E.A.; Corpa, J. M. The relationship between infectious and non-infectious herd factors with pneumonia at slaughter and productive parameters in fattening pigs. The Veterinary Journal, 179, p.240-246, 2009.
McCullough, K.; Summerfield, A. Targeting the porcine inmune system-Particulate vaccines in the 21st century. Developmental and comparative Inmunology, v.33, p.394-409,2009.
Meyns, T.; Dewulf, J.; de Kruif, A.; Calus, D.; Haesebrouck, F.; Maes, D. Comparison of transmission of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in vaccinated and non-vaccinated populations. Vaccine, v.24, p.7081-7086, 2006.
Meyns, T.; Maes, D.; Dewulf, J.; Vicca, J.; Haesebrouck, F.; de Kruif, A. Quantification of the spread of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in nursery pigs using transmission experiments. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 66, p.265- 275, 2004.
Moreau, I.; Miller, G.Y.; Bahnson, P.B. Effects of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccine on pigs naturally infected with M. Hyopneumoniae and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Vaccine, v.22, p.2328-2333, 2004.
Morilla, G.A. Manual para el control de las enfermedades infecciosas de los cerdos, 1998. p.58-74,
Morris, C.R.; Gardner, I.A.; Heitala, S.K.; Carpenter, T.E.; Anderson, R.J.; Parker, K.M. Seroepidemiologic study of natural transmission of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
in a swine herd. Prev. Vet. Med., v.21, p.323- 333, 1995.
Muirhead, M. Las enfermedades son las que más afectan a la eficiencia y el engorde. Inter Pigletter, v.8, p.25-26, 1988.
Nicholas, R.A.J.; Ayling, R.D.; McAuliffe, L. Vaccines for Mycoplasma Diseases in Animals and Man. J. Comp. Path., v.140, p.85-96, 2009.
Ohlinger, V.; Pesch K.; Seller, C. Four diseases linked to porcine circovirus II. Pig Internat, v.32, p.17-20, 2002.
Pérez, I.G. Procesos respiratorios en el cebo porcino: Factores predisponentes y etiológicos. Revista de Ciencias Veterinarias, p.10-23, 2004.
Reynolds, S.C.; St Aubin, L.B.; Sabbadini, L.G.;Kula, J.; Vogelaar, J.; Runnels, P.; Peters, A.R. Reduced lung lesions in pigs challenged 25 weeks after the administration of a single dose of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccine at approximately 1 week of age. The Veterinary Journal, v.181, p.312-320, 2009.
Rodríguez, E. Factores que influyen en la importancia y el control de la neumonía enzoótica porcina. Available at: http:// www. cuencarural.com Accessed on: 02/02/2007.
Rodríguez, E.F. La virulencia de algunos patógenos respiratorios porcinos. Conferencia ofrecida en la Real Academia de Ciencias Veterinarias de España, 2003.
Ross, R.F. Mycoplasma diseases. In: Leman, A.D. Diseases of Swine. 6th Ed. Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1986. p.469-483.
________. Mycoplasma diseases. In: Diseases of Swine. 8th Edition. Iowa: Iowa State University Press, 2000. p.469-475.
Ruiz, A.; Piojan, C. Efectos de la vacunación sobre la prevalencia de Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Memorias I Congreso Latinoamericano de Suinocultura, Foz de Iguazú, Brasil, 2002. p.5-6.
Sibila, M.; Bernal, R.; Torrents, D.; Riera, P.; Llopart, D.; Calsamiglia, M.; Segalés, J. Effect of sow vaccination against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae on sow and piglet colonization
and seroconversion, and pig lung lesions at slaughter. Veterinary Microbiology, 127, p.165-170, 2008.
Sibila, M.; Nofrarías, M.; López-Soria, S.; Segalés, J.; Valero, O.; Espinal, A.; Calsamiglia, M. Chronological study of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection, seroconversion and
associated lung lesions in vaccinated and nonvaccinated pigs. Veterinary Microbiology, v.122, p.97-107, 2007.
Sibila, M.; Pieters, M.; Molitor, T.; Maes, D.; Haesebruck, F.; Segalés, J. Current perspectives on the diagnosis and epidemiology of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection. The
Veterinary Journal, v.181, p.221-231, 2009.
Stevenson, G. Bacterial pneumonia in swine. Proceedings of the 15th IPVS Congress, Birminghan, v.1, n.11, 1998.
Taylor, J.D. The lung. In: Sims, L.D. (Ed.). Pathology of the pig, a diagnostic guide. Glastonbury JRW, Agriculture Victoria, 1996. p.219-238.
Thacker, B.; Thacker, E. Influence of maternally derived antibodies on the efficacy of a Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae bacterin. Proc. 32ⁿd
Annual Meeting Am. Assoc. Swine Vet., Nashville, USA, 2000. p.513-515.
Torres, M.; Calle, E.S.; Rivera, G.H.; Camacho, S.C.; Falcon, P.N.; Alzamora, P.C. Determinación serológica de la infección con Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae en una granja porcina de Lima. Rev Inv Vet Perú, v.17, n.1, p.58-63, 2006.
Vicca, J.; Stakenborg, T.; Maes, D.; Peters, J. Evaluation of virulence of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae field isolates.
Veterinary Microbiology, 97, p.177-190, 2003.
Wasmoen, T.; Rapp-Gabrielson, V.; David, R.; Jayappa, R. Evaluation of maternal antibody interference against active immunization of young pigs form Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Proc. 81st Conf. Research Workers in Animal Disease, Chicago. Abstract. 2000. 111p.
Yagihashi, T.; Nunoya, T.; Mitui, T.; Tajima, M. Effect of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection on the development of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae pneumonia in pigs. Jpn. J. Vet. Sci., v.46, p.705-713, 1984.
infections in swine. JAVMA, v.204, p.102- 107, 1994.
Baccaro, M.R.; Hirose, F.; Umehara, O.; Goncalves, L.; Sabbatini, D.; Paixâo, R.; Tieko, L.; Micke, A. Comparative efficacy of two single-dose bacterins in the control of
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in swine raised under commercial conditions in Brazil. The Veterinary Journal, v.172, p.526-531, 2006.
Calsamiglia, M. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Epidemiología y control. Revista de Ciencias Veterinarias, p.1-4, 2004.
Calsamiglia, M.; Pijoan, C. Colonisation state and colostral immunity to Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae of different parity sows. Vet. Rec., v.146, p. 530-532, 2000.
Calsamiglia, M.; Sibila, M.; Vidal, D.; Badiella, L.l.; Aldaz, A.; Jensen, J.C.E. Dynamics of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection in different Spanish production systems using nested PCR and ELISA. Proc. IPVS, 2002. 102p.
Camacho, C.; Calle, S. Neumonía enzoótica porcina. Mundo Avícola y Porcino, v.45, p. 48-50, 2003.
Chen, J.R.; Lin, J.H.; Weng, C.N. Identification of a novel adhesin-like glycoprotein from Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Veterinary Microbiology, n.62, p.97-110, 1999.
Ciprian, A.; Pijoan, C.; Cruz, T.; Camacho, J.; Tortora, J.; Colmenares, G.; López-Revilla, R.; de la Garza, M. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae increases the susceptibility of pigs to
experimental Pasteurella multocida pneumonia. Can. J. Vet. Res., v.52, p.434-438, 1988.
Clark, L.K.; Armstrong, C.H.; Freeman, M.J.; Scheidt, A.B.; Sands-Freeman, L.; Knox, K. Investigating the transmission of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in a swine herd with enzootic pneumonia. Vet. Med., May, p.543-550, 1991.
Clota, J.; Navarra, I.; Costa, P. Evaluation of the efficacy of mypravac Suis in challenged pigs. 14th International IOM Congress, Vienna, Austria, 2002.
Estrada, E.F. Todo lo que usted quiere saber sobre Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. 2003. Available at: http://www.porcinocultura.com Accessed on: 20/12/2006.
Fuentes, M.; Pijoan, C. Phagocytosis and intracellular killing of P. multocida by porcine alveolar macrophages after infection with pseudorabies virus. Vet Immunol Immunopathol, v.13, p.165-172, 1986.
________. Pneumonia in pigs induced by intranasal challenge exposure with pseudorabies virus and Pasteurella multocida. Am J Vet Res, v.48, p.1446-1448, 1987.
Goodwin, R.F.W. Apparent reinfection of enzootic pneumonia-free pig herds: search for possible causes. Vet. Rec., v.116, p.690-694, 1985.
Grosse, B.E.; Beilage, E.G.; Rohde, N.; Krieter, J. Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with seropositivity in sows from 67 herds in northwest Germany infected with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, v.88, p.255-263, 2009.
Guerrero, R.; Miyat, J.; Gorham, P. Incidence and economic implications of neumonias and a trophics rhinits in pigs in the USA and Canada. Proceedings of the 10th Congress of the International pig Veterinary Society, 1988. p.421.
Hill, A.; Scheidt, C. Relationship between the indicators of performance and the of pneumonic lesions from pigs at slaugther. Mansfield Street, London USA. Res Vet Sci, v.64, p.240-244, 1994.
Hsu, T.; Minion, C.F. identification of the cilium binding epitope of the Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. P97 adhesin. Infection and Immunity, v.66, n.10, p.4762-4766, 1998.
Ibarra, M. Evidencia de la presencia de Mycoplasma hyopmeumoniae en cerdos provenientes de granja de crianza artesanal. Lima: Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Univ. Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2000. 60p. Tesis (Médico Veterinario).
Jayappa, H.; Davis, R.; Rapp-Gabrielson, V.; Wasmoen, T.; Thacker, E.L. Evaluation of the efficacy of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae bacterin following immunization of young pigs
in the presence of varying levels of maternal antibodies. Proc. AASV. Ann. Meet., p.237- 241, 2001.
Jensen, C.S.; Ersboll, A.K.; Nielsen, J.P. A metaanalysis comparing the effect of vaccines against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae on daily weigh gain in pigs. Preventive Veterinary medicine, v.54, p.265-278, 2002.
Kendall, W.; Faulds, D.H., Rosey, E.; Yancey Jr, R. Characterization of the gene encoding Mhp1 from Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and examination of Mhp1’s vaccine potential. Vaccine, v.15(1), p.25-35, 1997.
Kobisch, M.; Friis, N.F. Swine Mycoplasmoses. Rev. Sci. Tech. off. Int. Epiz., p.1569-1605, 1998.
Leman, A.D.; Straw, B.; Glock, R.D.; Mengeling, W.L.; Penny, R.H.C.; Scholl, E. Diseases of Swine. Eith Edition. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press, 2000. p.469-478.
Lobo, E. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and its relation with the respiratory process in swine. REDVET, v.6, n.10, octubre de 2005. Available at: http:// www.veterinaria.org/revistas/redvet Accessed on: 02/12/2009.
Lobo, E.; Pérez, M.R.; Bulnes, C.G. Trastornos respiratorios del cerdo en Cuba. Etiología, diagnóstico y medidas de control. Evento Centroamericano y del Caribe de Porcinocultura. Palacio de las Convenciones, La Habana, Cuba, 2005.
Maes, D.; Deluyker, H.; Verdonck, M.; Castryck, F.; Miry, C.; Vrijens, V.; Verbeke, W.; Viaene, J.; de Kruij, A. Effect of vaccination against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in pig herds with an all-in/all-out production system. Vaccine, v.17, p.1024-1034, 1999.
Maes, D.; Segales, J.; Meyns, T.; Sibila, M.; Pieters, M.; Haesebrouck, F. Control of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infections in pigs. Veterinary Microbiology, v.126, p.297-309, 2008.
Maes, D.; Verbeke, W.; Vicca, J.; de Kruij, A. Benefit to cost of vaccination against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in pig herds under Belgian market conditions from 1996 to 2000. Livestock Production Science, v.83, p.85-93, 2003.
Maes, D.; Verdonek, M.; Verbeke, W.; Viaene, J.; de Kruij, A. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae: Benefit to cost of vaccinations. Am. Assoc. Swine Practitioners, v.32, p.327-333, 2000.
Marco, E. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae: elección de la mejor pauta de vacunación. Suis, 8, Junio, 2004. Available at: http://www.3tres3.com/buscando/ mycoplasma-hyopneumoniae: -eleccion-de-lamejor-pauta-de- vacunacion_ 917/ Accessed on: 02/02/2007.
Martínez, J.; Peris, B.; Gómez, E.A.; Corpa, J. M. The relationship between infectious and non-infectious herd factors with pneumonia at slaughter and productive parameters in fattening pigs. The Veterinary Journal, 179, p.240-246, 2009.
McCullough, K.; Summerfield, A. Targeting the porcine inmune system-Particulate vaccines in the 21st century. Developmental and comparative Inmunology, v.33, p.394-409,2009.
Meyns, T.; Dewulf, J.; de Kruif, A.; Calus, D.; Haesebrouck, F.; Maes, D. Comparison of transmission of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in vaccinated and non-vaccinated populations. Vaccine, v.24, p.7081-7086, 2006.
Meyns, T.; Maes, D.; Dewulf, J.; Vicca, J.; Haesebrouck, F.; de Kruif, A. Quantification of the spread of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in nursery pigs using transmission experiments. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 66, p.265- 275, 2004.
Moreau, I.; Miller, G.Y.; Bahnson, P.B. Effects of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccine on pigs naturally infected with M. Hyopneumoniae and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Vaccine, v.22, p.2328-2333, 2004.
Morilla, G.A. Manual para el control de las enfermedades infecciosas de los cerdos, 1998. p.58-74,
Morris, C.R.; Gardner, I.A.; Heitala, S.K.; Carpenter, T.E.; Anderson, R.J.; Parker, K.M. Seroepidemiologic study of natural transmission of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
in a swine herd. Prev. Vet. Med., v.21, p.323- 333, 1995.
Muirhead, M. Las enfermedades son las que más afectan a la eficiencia y el engorde. Inter Pigletter, v.8, p.25-26, 1988.
Nicholas, R.A.J.; Ayling, R.D.; McAuliffe, L. Vaccines for Mycoplasma Diseases in Animals and Man. J. Comp. Path., v.140, p.85-96, 2009.
Ohlinger, V.; Pesch K.; Seller, C. Four diseases linked to porcine circovirus II. Pig Internat, v.32, p.17-20, 2002.
Pérez, I.G. Procesos respiratorios en el cebo porcino: Factores predisponentes y etiológicos. Revista de Ciencias Veterinarias, p.10-23, 2004.
Reynolds, S.C.; St Aubin, L.B.; Sabbadini, L.G.;Kula, J.; Vogelaar, J.; Runnels, P.; Peters, A.R. Reduced lung lesions in pigs challenged 25 weeks after the administration of a single dose of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccine at approximately 1 week of age. The Veterinary Journal, v.181, p.312-320, 2009.
Rodríguez, E. Factores que influyen en la importancia y el control de la neumonía enzoótica porcina. Available at: http:// www. cuencarural.com Accessed on: 02/02/2007.
Rodríguez, E.F. La virulencia de algunos patógenos respiratorios porcinos. Conferencia ofrecida en la Real Academia de Ciencias Veterinarias de España, 2003.
Ross, R.F. Mycoplasma diseases. In: Leman, A.D. Diseases of Swine. 6th Ed. Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1986. p.469-483.
________. Mycoplasma diseases. In: Diseases of Swine. 8th Edition. Iowa: Iowa State University Press, 2000. p.469-475.
Ruiz, A.; Piojan, C. Efectos de la vacunación sobre la prevalencia de Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Memorias I Congreso Latinoamericano de Suinocultura, Foz de Iguazú, Brasil, 2002. p.5-6.
Sibila, M.; Bernal, R.; Torrents, D.; Riera, P.; Llopart, D.; Calsamiglia, M.; Segalés, J. Effect of sow vaccination against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae on sow and piglet colonization
and seroconversion, and pig lung lesions at slaughter. Veterinary Microbiology, 127, p.165-170, 2008.
Sibila, M.; Nofrarías, M.; López-Soria, S.; Segalés, J.; Valero, O.; Espinal, A.; Calsamiglia, M. Chronological study of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection, seroconversion and
associated lung lesions in vaccinated and nonvaccinated pigs. Veterinary Microbiology, v.122, p.97-107, 2007.
Sibila, M.; Pieters, M.; Molitor, T.; Maes, D.; Haesebruck, F.; Segalés, J. Current perspectives on the diagnosis and epidemiology of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection. The
Veterinary Journal, v.181, p.221-231, 2009.
Stevenson, G. Bacterial pneumonia in swine. Proceedings of the 15th IPVS Congress, Birminghan, v.1, n.11, 1998.
Taylor, J.D. The lung. In: Sims, L.D. (Ed.). Pathology of the pig, a diagnostic guide. Glastonbury JRW, Agriculture Victoria, 1996. p.219-238.
Thacker, B.; Thacker, E. Influence of maternally derived antibodies on the efficacy of a Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae bacterin. Proc. 32ⁿd
Annual Meeting Am. Assoc. Swine Vet., Nashville, USA, 2000. p.513-515.
Torres, M.; Calle, E.S.; Rivera, G.H.; Camacho, S.C.; Falcon, P.N.; Alzamora, P.C. Determinación serológica de la infección con Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae en una granja porcina de Lima. Rev Inv Vet Perú, v.17, n.1, p.58-63, 2006.
Vicca, J.; Stakenborg, T.; Maes, D.; Peters, J. Evaluation of virulence of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae field isolates.
Veterinary Microbiology, 97, p.177-190, 2003.
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