Authors
Abstract
Abstract
The carragenophytas species are defined as macro-algae, members of the Phylum Rodophyta, Rodophyceae Class, Florideophycidae Subclass, Gigartinales Order. The most important commercial species at the international level are the Betaphycus, Eucheuma and Kappaphycus genera and at the national level the species belonging to the Gigartina, Mazzaella and Sarcothalia genera. Because of its commercial importance, the Gigartina genus has been the object of investigations such as: Ecology of populations in estuaries and open coast in the North-East Atlantic species; it has been studied by Mathieson and Tveter (1976) in relation with its carragenine quantity and quality. Studies about the response to photoperiods (Guiry, 1984; Guiry et al., 1984) have identified reproductive “windows” suggesting that the explanations for vegetative multiplication are more exclusive each time, different from gametangial or tetra-sporangial production in populations of high latitudes from a generalized European species. Genetic determination of ramification patterns and tolerance limits to temperature has been established for several species (Guiry et al., 1987; Buschmann, 2001). Species cultivation viability in artificial substrates has been evaluated by Mumford y Waaland (1980), and it showed commercial potential. This genus has distribution worldwide in warm and cold seas. However, very few species happen in subtropical regions. The particularly rich species biodiversity centers are California, Japan, New Zealand, Chile y South Africa (Guiry, M.D & Guiry, G.M. 2011).
Keywords:
References
Araujo, R.; Arenas, F.; Åberg, P.; Sousa-Pinto, I. & Serrão, E. A. (2012). The role of disturbance in differential regulation of co-occurring brown algae species: Interactive effects of sediment deposition, abrasion and grazing on algae recruits. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 422–423 (0): 1-8.
Avila, M.; Candia, A.; Nuñez, M. & Romo, H. (1999). Reproductive biology of Gigartina skottsbergii (Gigartinaceae, Rhodophyta) from Chile. Hydrobiologia 398/399: 149–157.
Bischoff-Bäsmann, B. & C. Wiencke. (1996). Temperature requirements for growth and survival of Antarctic Rhodophyta. J.Phycol. 32: 525–535.
Bold, H.C.; Wynne, M.J. (1985). Introduction to the algae structure and reproduction, second ed., Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 07632, pp. 1–33.
Buschmann, A.; Correa, J & Westermier, R. (1999). Recent advances in the undertandisng of biological basis for Gigartina skottsbergii (Rhodophyta) cultivation in Chile. Hydrobiologia 398/399: 427-434.
_________, Correa, J.; Westermeier, R.; Paredes, M.; Aedo, D.; Potin, P.; Aroca, G.; Beltrán, J & Hernandez, M. 2001). Cultivation of Gigartina Skottsbergii (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta): Recent advances and challenges for future. Journal of Applied Phycology. 13: 255-266.
Buschmann, A. H.; Correa, J. A.; Westermeier, R.; Hernández-González, M. a. d. C. & Norambuena, R. (2001). Red algal farming in Chile: a review. Aquaculture, 194 (3–4), 203-220.
____________ H.; Varela, D.; Cifuentes, M.; del Carmen Hernández-González, M.; Henríquez, L.; Westermeier, R. et al. (2004). Experimental indoor cultivation of the carrageenophytic red alga Gigartina skottsbergii. Aquaculture, 241(1–4), 357-370.
Bussmann, W. G.; Malca, A.; Glenn, D.; Sharon, B.; Nilsen, B.; Parris, D.; Dubose, D.; Ruiz, J.; Saleda, M.; Martinez, L.; Carillo, K.; Walker, A.; Kuhlman & A. Townesmith. (2011). "Toxicity of medicinal plants used in traditional medicine in Northern Peru." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 137(1): 121-140.
Carlucci, M.J.; Pujol, C.A.; Ciancia, M.; Noseda, M.D.; Matulewicz, M.C.; Damonte, E.B.; Cerezo, A.S. (1997). Antiherpetic and anticoagulant properties of carrageenans from the red seaweed Gigartina skottsbergii and their cyclized derivatives: correlation between structure and biological activity. Int.J. Biol. Macromol 20:97-105.
__________ Ciancia, M.; Matulewicz, M.C.; Cerezo, A.S.; Damonte, E.B. (1999). Antiherpetic activity and mode of action of natural carrageenans of diverse structuraltypes. Antivir. Res. 43: 93-102.
Cheney, D.P. (1999). Strain improvement of seaweeds through genetic manipulation: current status. World Aquaculture 30: 55–56; 66–67.
Datta, S.; K. Mody, G.; Gopalsamy & B. Jha. (2010). Novel application of κ-carrageenan: As a gelling agent in microbiological media to study biodiversity of extreme alkaliphiles. Carbohydrate Polymers 85(2): 465-468.
Dhargalkar, V.K., Verlecar, X.N., 2009. Southern Ocean seaweeds: a resource for exploration in food and drugs. Aquaculture 287. 229–242
Díaz, O.; Tapia, Y.; Muñoz, O.; Montoro, R.; Velez, D. & Almela, C. (2012). Total and inorganic arsenic concentration sin different species of economically important algae harvested from coastal zones of Chile. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 50(3–4). 744-749.
Díaz-Pulido, G & Díaz-Ruíz. (2003). Diversity of benthic marine algae of the Colombian Athlantic. Biota Colombiana. 4 (2): 203-246.
Eggert, A. (2012). Seaweed Responses to Temperature Seaweed Biology. In C. Wiencke & K. Bischof (Eds.), Vol. 219. pp. 47-66: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
El Gamal, A. A. (2010). Biological importance of marine algae.. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 18(1), 1-25.
Estevez, J.; Ciancia, M & Cerezo. A. (2003). Biosíntesis de carragenanos durante el ciclo de vida del alaga roja comercial Gigartina Skottsbergii (Gigartinaceae, Rhodophyta). Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. 38 (supl.): p.152
Guiry, M.D. & Cunningham, E.M. (1983). Life history and hybridization in culture of Gigartina acicularis (Rhodophyta) from England and France. British Phycological Journal 18: 204 (abstract)
Guiry, M.D. (1984). Photoperiodic and temperature responses in growth and tetrasporogenesis of Gigartina acicularis (Rhodophyta) from Ireland. Helgoländer Meeresunters, 38: 335-347.
Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2011). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland,
Galway. http://www.algaebase.org. searched on 10 November 2011.
Hernández - Gonzáles, M.; Buschman, A.; Cifuentes, M.; Correa, J.; Westermeier, R. (2007). Vegetative propagation of the carrageennophytic red alga Gigartina skottsbergii Setchell et Gardner: Indoor and field experiements. Aquaclture 262: 120-128.
Hommersand, M., Fredericq, S., & Cabioch, J. (1992). Developmental morphology of Gigartina pistillata (Gigartinaceae, Rhodophyta). Phycologia, 31(3/4), 300- 325.
Kim, D.H., (1976). A study of the development of cystocarps and tetrasporangial sori in Gigartinaceae,
(Rhodophyta, Gigartinales). Nova Hedwigia 27: 1–146.
Kumar, S.; Godiya, C.B. & Siddhanta, A. K. (2012). Carrageenan from Sarconema scinaioides (Gigartinales,
Rhodophyta) of Indian waters. [doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.09.062]. Carbohydrate Polymers, 87(2), 1657-1662.
Maschek, J. A.; Bucher, C. J.; Olphen, A.; Amsler, C. D.; McClintock, J. B. & Baker, B. J. (2011). The Pursuit of Potent Anti-influenza Activity from the Antarctic Red Marine Alga The Biological Activity of Phytochemicals. In D. R. Gang (Ed.) Vol. 41. pp. 1-12. Springer New York.
McCandless, E.L.; Craigie, J.S. (1979) Sulfated polysaccharides in red and brown algae. Ann. Rev. Plant.Physiol. 30: 41- 53.
McHugh, D.J. (2003) A guide to the seaweed industry. FAO Fish Biol Tech Pap 441:52–72
Monte-Luna, P.; Lluch-Belda, D.; Carmona, R.; ReyesBonilla, H.; Castro-Aguirre, J.; Serviere-Zaragoza, E. (2008). Extinciones en el mar: Mitos Y realidades. Interciencia, 33(1): 74-80.
Ohata, K.; Mizushina, Y.; Hirata, N.; Sugawara, F.; Mutsukage, A.; Yoshida, S.; Sakaguchi, K. (1998). Sulphoquinovosy-ldiacylglycerol, KM043 a new potent inhibitor of eukaryotic DNA polymerases and HIV-reverse transcriptase type from a marine red alga Gigartina tenella. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 46: 684–686. Pacheco, I., Zertuche, J., Cabello, A & Brinkhuis, B. 1992. Growth responses and seasonal biomass vriation of Gigartina pectinata Dawson (Rhodophyta) in the gulf of California. Journal of experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 157 (2): 263-274
Pereira, L.; Critchley, A.; Amado, A.; Ribeiro-Claro, P. (2009). A comparative analysis of phycocolloids produces by underutilized versus industrially utilized carrageenophytes (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta). J. Appl. Phycol. 21: 599-605
Pereira, L.& Van de Velde, F. (2011). "Portuguese carrageenophytes: Carrageenan composition and geographic distribution of eight species (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta)." Carbohydrate Polymers 84(1): 614-623.
Piriz, M. L. (1996). Phenology of a Gigartina skottsbergii Setchell et Gardner population in Chubut Province (Argentina). Bot. mar. 39: 311–316.
Rajapakse, N. & Kim, S.-K. (2011). Nutritional and Digestive Health Benefits of Seaweed. In K. Se-Kwon (Ed.). Advances in Food and Nutrition Research. Volume 64, pp. 17-28. Academic Press.
Romo, H.; Avila, M & Candia, A. (2001). Manual de técnicas de cultivo y repoblación de “luga roja” (Gigartina skottsbergii). Proyecto FONDEF D97I1064. IFOPUniversidad de Concepción, Chile. pp. 32
Rudolph, B. (2000). Seaweed product: Red algae of economic significance, R.E. Martin, E.P.; Carter, L.M.; Davis, G.J.; Flich (Ed.). Marine and freshwater products handbook, Technomic Publishing Company Inc, Lancaster, USA. pp. 515–529
Samaraweera, A. M.; Vidanarachchi, J. K. & Kurukulasuriya, M. S. (2011). Industrial Applications of Macroalgae Handbook of Marine Macroalgae. pp. 500-521. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Usov, A. I. (2011). Polysaccharides of the red algae. In H. Derek (Ed.), Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biochemistry. Vol. 65, pp. 115-217. Academic Press.
Van de Velde, F.; de Ruiter G.A. (2002). Carrageenan. In: Vandamme, E.J.; Baets, S.D.; Steinbèuchel A (Eds) Biopolymers v 6 polysaccharides II. Polysaccharides from eukaryotes. Wiley, Weinheim. pp 245–274.
_____________ (2008). Structure and function of hybrid carrageenans. Food Hydrocolloids, 22(5), 727-734.
Vejar, P. (2009). Evaluación técnica y económica para el desarrollo de acuicultura en áreas de manejo y explotación de recursos bentónicos en la región de Lagos. Trabajo de grado. Universidad Austral de Chile. Escuela de acuicultura y Pesquerías. p. 91
Vo, T.S.; Ngo, D.H.; Ta, Q. V. & Kim, S.-K. (2011). Marine organisms as a therapeutic source against herpes simplex virus infection. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 44(1–2), 11-20. Waaland, J.R. (1979). Growth and strain selection in the marine alga Gigartina exasperata (Florideophyceae). Int. Seaweed Symp. 9: 241–247.
Westermeier, R.; Patiño, D.; Murúa, P.; Quintanilla, J.; Correa, J.; Buschmann, A. et al. (2012). A pilot-scale study of the vegetative propagation and suspended cultivation of the carrageenophyte alga <i>Gigartina skottsbergii</i> in southern Chile. Journal of Applied Phycology. 24(1), 11-20.
Wijesekara, I. R.; Pangestuti & S.-K. Kim. (2010). "Biological activities and potential health benefits of sulfated polysaccharides derived from marine algae." Carbohydrate Polymers 84(1): 14-21.
Zamorano, J. & R. Westermeier, (1996). Phenology of Gigartina skottsbergii (Gigartinaceae, Rhodophyta) in
Ancud Bay, southern Chile. Hydrobiologia, 326/327: 253– 258.
Zinoun, M.; Cosson, J & Deslandes, E. (1993). Physicochemical characterization of carrageenan from Gigartina teedii (Rooth) Lamouroux (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta). Journal of Applied Phycology 5: 23-28