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Fecha Publicación: 2012-07-01
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Osorio, J. H. (2012). Funcionamiento normal y aumentado de la glándula tiroides en equinos. Luna Azul, (35), 321–337. Recuperado a partir de https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/lunazul/article/view/1736
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Objetivo: Describir y analizar el funcionamiento normal de la glándula tiroides en equinos y los factores que aumentan en ellos los niveles de hormonas tiroideas. Materiales y métodos: Mediante la revisión de la literatura disponible de los últimos 50 años en las bases de datos BBCS-LILACS, fuente académica, IB-PsycINFO, IBSSCI, IB-SciELO, Scopus y Scirus, al igual que artículos históricos, textos y referencias citadas en trabajos publicados. Resultados: la información obtenida relacionada con los objetivos propuestos en la presente revisión, permite clasificar en 4 secciones a saber: síntesis y secreción de hormonas tiroideas; transporte y metabolismo; funciones; hipertiroidismo en los equinos. Conclusión: La glándula tiroides juega un papel importante, como productora de hormonas tiroideas, las cuales son necesarias para la diferenciación celular y crecimiento del organismo. El buen funcionamiento de las vías metabólicas depende de estas hormonas, las que tienen efectos específicos sobre diferentes órganos, manteniendo la homeostasis en todos los tejidos.
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Abraham, G.; Allersmeier, M.; Schusser, G.F.; Ungemach, F. R. (2011). Serum thyroid hormone, insulin, glucose, triglycerides and protein concentrations in normal horses: Association with topical dexamethasone usage. Vet J; 188: 307–312.
Ahmed, O.M.; El-Gareib, A.W.; El-bakry, A.M.; Abd ElTawab, S.M.; Ahmed R.G. (2008). Thyroid hormones states and brain development interactions. Int. J. Devl Neuroscience 26:147–209.
Alberts, M.K.; McCann, J.P.; Woods, P.R. (2001) Hemithyroidectomy in a horse with confirmed hyperthyroidism. J Am Vet Med Assoc 217 (7):1051–4.
Baragli, P.; Sgorbini, M.; Casini, L.; Ducci M.; Sighieri C. (2011). Early evidence of the anticipatory response of plasma catecholamine in equine exercise. Equine Vet J. 31:85-88.
Barsnick, R.J.; Toribio, R.E. (2011). Endocrinology of the equine neonate energy metabolism in health and critical illness. Vet Clin Equine. 27: 49–58.
Beck-Peccoz, P.; Persani, L.; Mannavola, D.; Campi, I. (2009). TSH-secreting adenomas. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 23: 597-606.
Blomme, E.A.; Sugimoto, Y.; Lin Y.C.; Capen, C.C.; Rosol, T.J. (1999). Parathyroid hormone-related protein is a positive regulator of keratinocyte growth factor expression by normal dermal fibroblasts. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 152:189– 197.
Breuhaus, B.A. (2011). Disorders of the Equine Thyroid Gland. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 27 (1):115-128.
Buff, P.R.; Messer, N.T.; Cogswell, A.M.; Johnson, P.J.; Keisler, D.H.; Ganjama V.K. (2007) Seasonal and pulsatile dynamics of thyrotropin and leptin in mares maintained under a constant energy balance. Domestic Animal Endocrinol. 33: 430–436.
Christensen, R.A.; Malinowski, K.; Massenzio, A.M.; Hafs, H.D.; Scanes, C.G. (1997). Acute effects of short-term feed deprivation and refeeding on circulating concentrations of metabolites, insulin-like growth factor i, insulin-like growth factor binding proteins, somatotropin, and thyroid hormones in adult geldings. J Anim Sci. 75:1351-1358.
Cianchetta, S.; Bernardo, J.; Romeo, G.; Rhoden, K.J. (2010). Perchlorate transport and inhibition of the sodium iodide symporter measured with the yellow fluorescent protein variant YFP-H148Q/I152L. Toxicol Appl harmacol. 243: 372–380.
Clutterbuck, A.L.; Harris, P.; Allaway, D.; Mobasheri, A; (2010). Matrix metalloproteinases in inflammatory pathologies of the horse. Vet J. 183: 27–38.
Crockford, S.J. (2003). Thyroid rhythm phenotypes and hominid evolution: a new paradigm implicates pulsatile
hormone secretion in speciation and adaptation changes. Comp Biochem Physiol AMol Integr Physiol. 135: 105–129.
Dittrich, R.; Beckmann, M.W.; Oppelt, P.G.; Hoffmann, I; Lotz, L; Kuwert, T et al. (2011) Thyroid hormone receptors and reproduction. J Reprod Immunol. 90:58–66.
Divers, J.T. (2008). Endocrine Testing in Horses: Metabolic Syndrome and Cushing’s Disease. Equine Vet J. 28 (5): 315-316.
Doige, C.E.; McLaughlin, B.G. (1981). Hyperplastic Goitre in Newborn Foals in Western Canada. Can. vet. J. 22: 42- 45.
Durham, A. (2010). The Pharmacologic Basis for the Treatment of Endocrinopathic Laminitis. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 26 (1): 115-128.
Fazio, E; Medica, P.; Cravana, C.; Messineo, C.; Ferlazzo, A. (2007) Total and free iodothyronine levels of growing Thoroughbred foals: Effects of weaning and gender. Livestock Science. 110 (3): 207–213.
Fazio, E.; Medica, P.; Cravana, C.; Messineo, C.; Ferlazzo, A. (2007). Total and free iodothyronine levels of growing Thoroughbred foals: Effects of weaning and gender. Department of Morphology, Biochemistry, Physiology and Animal Productions. Livestock Science. 110 (3): 207–213.
Fitzgerald, B.P.; Davison, L.A. (1998). Thyroxine concentrations are elevated in mares which continue to exhibit estrous cycles during the nonbreeding season. Equine Vet J. 18 (1):48-51.
Frank, N.; Sojka, J.; Messer, N.T.(2002) Equine thyroid dysfunction. Vet Clin Equine 18: 305–319.
Frank, N. (2009). Equine Metabolic Syndrome. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 29(5): 239-255.
Ge´rard, N.; Duchamp, G.; Magistrini, M. (1999). Relationships between follicular fluid composition and follicular /oocyte quality in the mare. Livestock Production Science 60:243–253.
Geor, R.J. (2008). Metabolic Predispositions to Laminitis in Horses and Ponies: Obesity, Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Syndromes. Equine Vet J. 28 (12): 753-759.
Geor, R.J. (2010). Nutrition and Exercise in the Management of Horses and Ponies at High Risk for Laminitis. Equine Vet J. 30 (9): 463-470.
Gerlach, T.; Aurich, J.E. (2000). Regulation of seasonal reproductive activity in the stallion, ram and hamster. Anim Reprod Sci. 58:197–213.
Glover, C.M.; Miller, L.M.; Dybdal, N.O.; Lopez, A. Duckett W.M.; McFarlane, D. (2009). Extrapituitary and Pituitary Pathological Findings in Horses with Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction: A Retrospective Study. Equine Vet J. 29 (39).
Gray, H. (2000). Anatomy of the human body. 20va (ed.) New York: Bartleby Gϋrbϋz, B.L.; Yalti, S.; Ficicioglu, C.; Tas, S. (2005). The relation of serum and follicular fluid leptin and ovarian steroid levels in response to induction of ovulation in in vitro fertilization cycles. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 118: 214–218.
Hubert, J.D.; Beadle, R.E.; Norwood, G. (2002). Equine anhidrosis. Vet Clin Equine 18 (2): 355–369.
Hulbert, A.J. (2000). Thyroid hormones and their effects: a new perspective. Biol. Rev. 75:519-631.
Hurcombe, S.D. (2011). Hypothalamic-Pituitary gland axis function and disfunction in horses. Vet Clin Equine. 27: 1– 17.
Hyypp, S. (2005). Endocrinal responses in exercising horses. Livestock Production Science 92: 113–121.
Johnson, C.A. (2002). Thyroid Issues in Reproduction. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract. 17 (3): 129-132.
Johnson, P.J.; Messer, N.T.; Slight, H.S.; Wiedmeyer, C.; Buff, P.; Ganjam. V.K. (2004). Endocrinopathic Laminitis in the Horse. Vet Clin Equine. 3 (1): 45-56.
Kratzsch, J.; Pulzer, F. (2008). Thyroid gland development and defects. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 22 (1): 57–75.
Lucke, V.M. (1984). Lane JG.C-cell tumours of the thyroid in the horse. Eq Vet J. 16 (1):28–30.
Malinowski, K.; Christensen, H.D. (1996). Hafs and Scanes C.G. Age and breed differences in thyroid hormones, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF binding proteins in female horses. J Anim Sci. 74: 1936-1942.
McDermott, M.T.; Ridgway, C.E.(1998). Central hyperthyroidism. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 27 (1): 187-203.
Medica, P.; Cravana, C.; Fazio, E. D.V.M.; Ferlazzo, A. (2011). 24-hour endocrine profiles of quarter horses under resting conditions. Equine Vet J. 31: 35-40.
Messer, N.T.; Riddle, T.; Traub-Dargatz J.L.; Dargatz, D.A.; Refsal, K.J.; Thompson, D.L. (1998). Thyroid Hormone Levels in Thoroughbred Mares and Their Foals at Parturition. Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the AAEP. 44: 248-251.
Nagy, P.; Guillaume, D.; Daels, P. (2000). Seasonality in mares. Anim Reprod Sci 60: 245–262.
Nicassio, M.; Aiudi, G.; Silvestre, F.; Matarrese, R.; De Sandro, A.S.; Lacalandra, G.M. (2008). Free thyroid
hormone and cortisol levels in stallions during the breeding season. J Anim Sci. 107(3-4): 335-336.
Petersen, A.D.; Schott, C.H. (2005) Cutaneous Markers of Disorders Affecting Adult Horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 4 (4):324-338.
Ramirez, S.; McClure, J.J.; Moore, R.M.; Wolfsheimer, K.J.; Gaunt, S.D.; Mirza M.H. et al (2010). Hyperthyroidism associated with a thyroid adenocarcinoma in a 21-year-old gelding. J Vet Roser, J.F. (2008). Regulation of esticular function in the stallion: An intricate network of endocrine, paracrine and autocrine systems. Anim eprod Sci. 107:179–196.
Rudi’s, P.; R´onai, Z.; Bartha, T. (2005). Thyroid hormone metabolism in the brain of domestic animals. Domest Anim Endocrinol. 29: 88–96.
Sisson, S.; Grossman, J.D. (2000). Anatomía de los animales domésticos. 5a ed. Barcelona: Manson. S.A. pp.173-176.
Slebodzi´nski. Ovarian iodide uptake and triiodothyronine generation in follicular fluid the enigma of the thyroid ovary interaction. Domestic Animal Endocrinol (2005). 29: 97– 103.
Tahboub, R.; Arafah, B.M. (2009). Sex steroids and the thyroid. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 23 (6): 769– 780.
Toribio, R.E.; Duckett, W.M. (2004). Equine Internal Medicine 2da ed. Estados Unidos de América: Saunders. pp. 1342-1355.
Toribio, R.E. (2011). Endocrine Dysregulation in Critically I l l Foals and Horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 27 (1):35-47.
Ueki, H.; Kowatari, Y.; Oyamada, T.; Oikawa, M.; Yoshikawa, H. (2004). Non-functional C-cell Adenoma in Aged Horses. J Comp Pathol 131(2-3):157–165.
Walsh, D.N.; McGowan, C.M.; McGowan, T.; Lamb, S.V.; Schanbacher, B.J.Place, N.J. (2009). Correlation of Plasma Insulin Concentration with Laminitis Score in a Field Study of Equine Cushing’s Disease and Equine Metabolic Syndrome. Equine Vet J. 29 (2): 87-94.
Warner, M.H.; Beckett, G.J. (2010). Mechanisms behind the non-thyroidal illness syndrome: an update. J Endocrinol. 205:1–13. Intern Med 12: 475–7.
Ahmed, O.M.; El-Gareib, A.W.; El-bakry, A.M.; Abd ElTawab, S.M.; Ahmed R.G. (2008). Thyroid hormones states and brain development interactions. Int. J. Devl Neuroscience 26:147–209.
Alberts, M.K.; McCann, J.P.; Woods, P.R. (2001) Hemithyroidectomy in a horse with confirmed hyperthyroidism. J Am Vet Med Assoc 217 (7):1051–4.
Baragli, P.; Sgorbini, M.; Casini, L.; Ducci M.; Sighieri C. (2011). Early evidence of the anticipatory response of plasma catecholamine in equine exercise. Equine Vet J. 31:85-88.
Barsnick, R.J.; Toribio, R.E. (2011). Endocrinology of the equine neonate energy metabolism in health and critical illness. Vet Clin Equine. 27: 49–58.
Beck-Peccoz, P.; Persani, L.; Mannavola, D.; Campi, I. (2009). TSH-secreting adenomas. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 23: 597-606.
Blomme, E.A.; Sugimoto, Y.; Lin Y.C.; Capen, C.C.; Rosol, T.J. (1999). Parathyroid hormone-related protein is a positive regulator of keratinocyte growth factor expression by normal dermal fibroblasts. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 152:189– 197.
Breuhaus, B.A. (2011). Disorders of the Equine Thyroid Gland. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 27 (1):115-128.
Buff, P.R.; Messer, N.T.; Cogswell, A.M.; Johnson, P.J.; Keisler, D.H.; Ganjama V.K. (2007) Seasonal and pulsatile dynamics of thyrotropin and leptin in mares maintained under a constant energy balance. Domestic Animal Endocrinol. 33: 430–436.
Christensen, R.A.; Malinowski, K.; Massenzio, A.M.; Hafs, H.D.; Scanes, C.G. (1997). Acute effects of short-term feed deprivation and refeeding on circulating concentrations of metabolites, insulin-like growth factor i, insulin-like growth factor binding proteins, somatotropin, and thyroid hormones in adult geldings. J Anim Sci. 75:1351-1358.
Cianchetta, S.; Bernardo, J.; Romeo, G.; Rhoden, K.J. (2010). Perchlorate transport and inhibition of the sodium iodide symporter measured with the yellow fluorescent protein variant YFP-H148Q/I152L. Toxicol Appl harmacol. 243: 372–380.
Clutterbuck, A.L.; Harris, P.; Allaway, D.; Mobasheri, A; (2010). Matrix metalloproteinases in inflammatory pathologies of the horse. Vet J. 183: 27–38.
Crockford, S.J. (2003). Thyroid rhythm phenotypes and hominid evolution: a new paradigm implicates pulsatile
hormone secretion in speciation and adaptation changes. Comp Biochem Physiol AMol Integr Physiol. 135: 105–129.
Dittrich, R.; Beckmann, M.W.; Oppelt, P.G.; Hoffmann, I; Lotz, L; Kuwert, T et al. (2011) Thyroid hormone receptors and reproduction. J Reprod Immunol. 90:58–66.
Divers, J.T. (2008). Endocrine Testing in Horses: Metabolic Syndrome and Cushing’s Disease. Equine Vet J. 28 (5): 315-316.
Doige, C.E.; McLaughlin, B.G. (1981). Hyperplastic Goitre in Newborn Foals in Western Canada. Can. vet. J. 22: 42- 45.
Durham, A. (2010). The Pharmacologic Basis for the Treatment of Endocrinopathic Laminitis. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 26 (1): 115-128.
Fazio, E; Medica, P.; Cravana, C.; Messineo, C.; Ferlazzo, A. (2007) Total and free iodothyronine levels of growing Thoroughbred foals: Effects of weaning and gender. Livestock Science. 110 (3): 207–213.
Fazio, E.; Medica, P.; Cravana, C.; Messineo, C.; Ferlazzo, A. (2007). Total and free iodothyronine levels of growing Thoroughbred foals: Effects of weaning and gender. Department of Morphology, Biochemistry, Physiology and Animal Productions. Livestock Science. 110 (3): 207–213.
Fitzgerald, B.P.; Davison, L.A. (1998). Thyroxine concentrations are elevated in mares which continue to exhibit estrous cycles during the nonbreeding season. Equine Vet J. 18 (1):48-51.
Frank, N.; Sojka, J.; Messer, N.T.(2002) Equine thyroid dysfunction. Vet Clin Equine 18: 305–319.
Frank, N. (2009). Equine Metabolic Syndrome. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 29(5): 239-255.
Ge´rard, N.; Duchamp, G.; Magistrini, M. (1999). Relationships between follicular fluid composition and follicular /oocyte quality in the mare. Livestock Production Science 60:243–253.
Geor, R.J. (2008). Metabolic Predispositions to Laminitis in Horses and Ponies: Obesity, Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Syndromes. Equine Vet J. 28 (12): 753-759.
Geor, R.J. (2010). Nutrition and Exercise in the Management of Horses and Ponies at High Risk for Laminitis. Equine Vet J. 30 (9): 463-470.
Gerlach, T.; Aurich, J.E. (2000). Regulation of seasonal reproductive activity in the stallion, ram and hamster. Anim Reprod Sci. 58:197–213.
Glover, C.M.; Miller, L.M.; Dybdal, N.O.; Lopez, A. Duckett W.M.; McFarlane, D. (2009). Extrapituitary and Pituitary Pathological Findings in Horses with Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction: A Retrospective Study. Equine Vet J. 29 (39).
Gray, H. (2000). Anatomy of the human body. 20va (ed.) New York: Bartleby Gϋrbϋz, B.L.; Yalti, S.; Ficicioglu, C.; Tas, S. (2005). The relation of serum and follicular fluid leptin and ovarian steroid levels in response to induction of ovulation in in vitro fertilization cycles. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 118: 214–218.
Hubert, J.D.; Beadle, R.E.; Norwood, G. (2002). Equine anhidrosis. Vet Clin Equine 18 (2): 355–369.
Hulbert, A.J. (2000). Thyroid hormones and their effects: a new perspective. Biol. Rev. 75:519-631.
Hurcombe, S.D. (2011). Hypothalamic-Pituitary gland axis function and disfunction in horses. Vet Clin Equine. 27: 1– 17.
Hyypp, S. (2005). Endocrinal responses in exercising horses. Livestock Production Science 92: 113–121.
Johnson, C.A. (2002). Thyroid Issues in Reproduction. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract. 17 (3): 129-132.
Johnson, P.J.; Messer, N.T.; Slight, H.S.; Wiedmeyer, C.; Buff, P.; Ganjam. V.K. (2004). Endocrinopathic Laminitis in the Horse. Vet Clin Equine. 3 (1): 45-56.
Kratzsch, J.; Pulzer, F. (2008). Thyroid gland development and defects. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 22 (1): 57–75.
Lucke, V.M. (1984). Lane JG.C-cell tumours of the thyroid in the horse. Eq Vet J. 16 (1):28–30.
Malinowski, K.; Christensen, H.D. (1996). Hafs and Scanes C.G. Age and breed differences in thyroid hormones, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF binding proteins in female horses. J Anim Sci. 74: 1936-1942.
McDermott, M.T.; Ridgway, C.E.(1998). Central hyperthyroidism. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 27 (1): 187-203.
Medica, P.; Cravana, C.; Fazio, E. D.V.M.; Ferlazzo, A. (2011). 24-hour endocrine profiles of quarter horses under resting conditions. Equine Vet J. 31: 35-40.
Messer, N.T.; Riddle, T.; Traub-Dargatz J.L.; Dargatz, D.A.; Refsal, K.J.; Thompson, D.L. (1998). Thyroid Hormone Levels in Thoroughbred Mares and Their Foals at Parturition. Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the AAEP. 44: 248-251.
Nagy, P.; Guillaume, D.; Daels, P. (2000). Seasonality in mares. Anim Reprod Sci 60: 245–262.
Nicassio, M.; Aiudi, G.; Silvestre, F.; Matarrese, R.; De Sandro, A.S.; Lacalandra, G.M. (2008). Free thyroid
hormone and cortisol levels in stallions during the breeding season. J Anim Sci. 107(3-4): 335-336.
Petersen, A.D.; Schott, C.H. (2005) Cutaneous Markers of Disorders Affecting Adult Horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 4 (4):324-338.
Ramirez, S.; McClure, J.J.; Moore, R.M.; Wolfsheimer, K.J.; Gaunt, S.D.; Mirza M.H. et al (2010). Hyperthyroidism associated with a thyroid adenocarcinoma in a 21-year-old gelding. J Vet Roser, J.F. (2008). Regulation of esticular function in the stallion: An intricate network of endocrine, paracrine and autocrine systems. Anim eprod Sci. 107:179–196.
Rudi’s, P.; R´onai, Z.; Bartha, T. (2005). Thyroid hormone metabolism in the brain of domestic animals. Domest Anim Endocrinol. 29: 88–96.
Sisson, S.; Grossman, J.D. (2000). Anatomía de los animales domésticos. 5a ed. Barcelona: Manson. S.A. pp.173-176.
Slebodzi´nski. Ovarian iodide uptake and triiodothyronine generation in follicular fluid the enigma of the thyroid ovary interaction. Domestic Animal Endocrinol (2005). 29: 97– 103.
Tahboub, R.; Arafah, B.M. (2009). Sex steroids and the thyroid. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 23 (6): 769– 780.
Toribio, R.E.; Duckett, W.M. (2004). Equine Internal Medicine 2da ed. Estados Unidos de América: Saunders. pp. 1342-1355.
Toribio, R.E. (2011). Endocrine Dysregulation in Critically I l l Foals and Horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 27 (1):35-47.
Ueki, H.; Kowatari, Y.; Oyamada, T.; Oikawa, M.; Yoshikawa, H. (2004). Non-functional C-cell Adenoma in Aged Horses. J Comp Pathol 131(2-3):157–165.
Walsh, D.N.; McGowan, C.M.; McGowan, T.; Lamb, S.V.; Schanbacher, B.J.Place, N.J. (2009). Correlation of Plasma Insulin Concentration with Laminitis Score in a Field Study of Equine Cushing’s Disease and Equine Metabolic Syndrome. Equine Vet J. 29 (2): 87-94.
Warner, M.H.; Beckett, G.J. (2010). Mechanisms behind the non-thyroidal illness syndrome: an update. J Endocrinol. 205:1–13. Intern Med 12: 475–7.
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