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Caballero-Pérez, A. (2023). Voting Rights and Disability: Legal Challenges for Colombia. Jurídicas, 20(2), 33–53. https://doi.org/10.17151/jurid.2023.20.2.3
Fomatos de Citação
Autores
Adriana Caballero-Pérez
Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights
Resumo
This article contains a legal interpretation of relevant international human rights law provisions relating to voting rights of persons with disabilities. The focus is on a comprehensive interpretation of Article 29(a) of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), which provides for the right to political participation for persons with disabilities. This interpretation is based on the application of the rules of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (Articles 31 and 32). The overall aim of this article is to identify and analyse the legal obligations of Colombia under Article 29(a) of the CRPD regarding the introduction of new technologies for the exercise of the right to vote for persons with disabilities, including screen readers, electronic voting systems equipped with magnification devices, and tactile ballots. The analysis of these commitments presented here may serve as a guide to assess the Colombian State’s compliance with international human rights law, for example through the recent electoral reform project, including the amendment of the National Electoral Law (Legislative Decree 141 of 2022), as provided for by Legislative Decree 2241 of 1986. Reform of Colombia’s electoral law must ensure that people with disabilities have access to accessible voting materials, can vote secretly and independently, and can freely express their political opinions, in accordance with article 29(a) of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.
Referências
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Bjorge, E. (Ed.) (2015). Domestic Application of the ECHR: Courts as Faithful Trustees. Oxford Scholarship Online.
Broderick, A. (2015). The Long and Winding Road to Equality and Inclusion for Persons with Disabilities: The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Intersentia.
Caballero-Pérez, A. (2022). Voting Matters: An Analysis of the Use of Electoral-Assistive Devices through the Lens of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Proefschriftmaken.
Cera, R. (2017). Participation in Political and Public Life. In V. D. Fina, R. Cera & G. Palmisano (Eds.), The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities A Commentary (pp. 528-562). Springer.
Charitakis, S. (2018). Access Denied. The Role of the European Union in Ensuring Accessibility under the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Intersentia. Executive Order 2241 de 1986. (1986, Aug. 01). Por el cual se adopta el Código Electoral. Diario Oficial n.° 37.571.
D’Argent, P. (2018). Sources and the Legality and Validity of International Law: What Makes Law ‘International’?. In S. Besson & J. D’Aspremont (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of the Sources of International Law (1a. ed., pp. 541-561). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198745365.003.0026
Degener, T., & Quinn, G. (2022, May. 02). A Survey of International, Comparative and Regional Disability Law Reform. Disability Rights Education & Defense Fund. https://dredf.org/news/publications/disability-rights-law-and-policy/a-survey-of-international-comparative-and-regional-disability-lawreform/
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Electoral Observation Mission. (2022). Elecciones y Discapacidad en Colombia: por la eliminación de barreras para la participación. MOE. https://www.moe.org.co/elecciones-y-discapacidad-encolombia-por-la-eliminacion-de-barreras-para-la-participacion/
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Fredman, S. (2001). Equality: A New Generation? Industrial Law Journal, 30(2), 145-168. https://doi.
org/10.1093/ilj/30.2.145
Fredman, S., Campbell, M., Samtani, S., Brickhill, J., Ramalekana, N. & Atrey, S. (2017). Achieving Transformative Equality for Persons with Disabilities: Submission to the CRPD Committee for General Comment No. 6 on Article 5 of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Oxford Human Rights Hub. A global perspective on human rights. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/HRBodies/CRPD/GC/Equality/OxfordHumanRightsHub.doc
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Guzmán, A. & Caballero, A. (2021). Participation of persons with disabilities in political life. a content analysis of recent literature (1997-2019). Estudios Políticos, 61(1), 154-177. https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.espo.n61a07
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Lauterpacht, H. (1949). Restrictive Interpretation and the Principle of Effectiveness in the Interpretation of Treaties. British Yearbook of International Law, 26(1), 48-85. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/byrint26&div=6&id=&page=
Lawson, A. (2018). Accessibility. In I. Bantekas, M. A. Stein & D. Anastasiou (Eds.), The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: A Commentary (pp. 259-312). Oxford University Press.
Ley Estatutaria 1618 de 2013. (Feb. 27), por medio de la cual se establecen las disposiciones para garantizar el pleno ejercicio de los derechos de las personas con discapacidad. Diario Oficial n.°48.717.
Lord, J. E., Stein, M. A., & Fiala-Butora, J. (2014). Facilitating an equal right to vote for persons with disabilities. Journal of Human Rights Practice, 6(1), 115-139. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhuman/ hut034
Ministry of Health and Social Protection. (2020, Dic.10). Boletines poblacionales: personas con discapacidad. Prevalencia discapacidad. https://www.minsalud.gov.co/sites/rid/Lists/BibliotecaDigital/RIDE/DE/PS/boletines-poblacionales-personas-discapacidadI-2020.pdf
Moeckli, D. (2022). Equality and Non-Discrimination. En D. Moeckli, S. Shah S. Sivakumaran, & D,
Harris. (Eds.). International Human Rights Law (4th edition, pp. 157-173). Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198860112.003.0008
National Civil Registry. (2022, May. 29). Consulta de documentos escrutinio -Elecciones Presidente.Histórico de resultados electorales. https://www.registraduria.gov.co/-Historico-de-resultadoselectorales-Palacios, A. y Bariffi, F. (2007). La discapacidad como una cuestión de derechos humanos: una aproximación a la convención internacional sobre los derechos de las personas con discapacidad. Cinca.
Priestley, M., Stickings, M., Loja, E., Grammenos, S., Lawson, A., Waddington, L., & Fridriksdottir, B. (2016). The political participation of disabled people in Europe: Rights, accessibility and activism.Electoral Studies, 42, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2016.01.009
Draft Bill 141 of 2022. (2022, Jun. 02), por medio del cual se reforman procedimientos electorales y se dictan otras disposiciones.
Schur L., Ameri, M., & Adya, M. (2017). Disability, Voter Turnout, and Polling Place Accessibility. Social Science Quarterly, 98(5), 1374-1390. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12373
Seatzu, F. (2017). Accessibility. In V. D. Fina, R. Cera and G. Palmisano (Eds.), The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: A Commentary (pp. 225-242). Springer.
United Nations. (2006). Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. https://www.un.org/disabilities/documents/convention/convoptprot-e.pdf
United Nations. (2005, Aug. 04). UN General Assembly, Ad Hoc Committee, Daily Summaries of Discussion at the Sixth Session. United Nations Enable. https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/enable/rights/ahc6summary.htm
United Nations. (2003, Jun. 16-17). Report of the Second Session of the Ad Hoc Committee. AHC Home
https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/cybercrime/ad_hoc_committee/ahc-second-session.html
United Nations. (1969). Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/1_1_1969.pdf
United Nations, CRPD Committee. (2018a, Apr. 26). Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities General Comment No. 6 on Equality and Non-Discrimination. CRPD/C/GC/6. https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/general-comments-and-recommendations/general-comment-no6-equality-andnon-
discrimination
United Nations, CRPD Committee. (2018b, Mar. 29). Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Fiona Given v Australia, Views adopted by the Committee under article 5 of the Optional Protocol, concerning communication No 19/2014. CRPD/C/19/D/19/2014. https://acortar.link/BSkmwp
United Nations, CRPD Committee. (2016, Sep. 30). Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Concluding observations on the initial report of Colombia. CRPD/C/COL/CO/1. https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/TBSearch.aspx?Lang=en&TreatyID=4&CountryID=37&DocTypeID=5
United Nations, CRPD Committee. (2014, May. 22).General Comment No. 2 Article 9: Accessibility,CRPD/C/GC/2.https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/g14/033/13/pdf/g1403313.pdf?token=FOM5o6jJnzkbOfQzNA&fe=true
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Waddington, L.B. (2013). Equal to the Task: Re-Examining EU Equality in Light of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. In L.B. Waddington, E. Quinn & E.
Flynn (Eds.), European Yearbook of Disability Law (vol. 4, pp. 169-200). Intersentia. https://cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/72537248/waddington_2013_equal_to_the_task.pdf
Bjorge, E. (Ed.) (2015). Domestic Application of the ECHR: Courts as Faithful Trustees. Oxford Scholarship Online.
Broderick, A. (2015). The Long and Winding Road to Equality and Inclusion for Persons with Disabilities: The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Intersentia.
Caballero-Pérez, A. (2022). Voting Matters: An Analysis of the Use of Electoral-Assistive Devices through the Lens of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Proefschriftmaken.
Cera, R. (2017). Participation in Political and Public Life. In V. D. Fina, R. Cera & G. Palmisano (Eds.), The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities A Commentary (pp. 528-562). Springer.
Charitakis, S. (2018). Access Denied. The Role of the European Union in Ensuring Accessibility under the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Intersentia. Executive Order 2241 de 1986. (1986, Aug. 01). Por el cual se adopta el Código Electoral. Diario Oficial n.° 37.571.
D’Argent, P. (2018). Sources and the Legality and Validity of International Law: What Makes Law ‘International’?. In S. Besson & J. D’Aspremont (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of the Sources of International Law (1a. ed., pp. 541-561). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198745365.003.0026
Degener, T., & Quinn, G. (2022, May. 02). A Survey of International, Comparative and Regional Disability Law Reform. Disability Rights Education & Defense Fund. https://dredf.org/news/publications/disability-rights-law-and-policy/a-survey-of-international-comparative-and-regional-disability-lawreform/
Desmond, D., Layton, N., Bentley, J., Boot, F. H., Borg, J., Dhungana, B. M., Gallagher, P., Gitlow, L., Gowran, R. J., Groce, N., Mavrou, K., Mackeogh, T., McDonald, R., Pettersson, C., & Scherer, M. J.(2018). Assistive technology and people: A position paper from the first global research, innovation and education on assistive technology (GREAT) summit. Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology, 13(5), 437-444. https://doi.org/10.1080/17483107.2018.1471169
Electoral Observation Mission. (2022). Elecciones y Discapacidad en Colombia: por la eliminación de barreras para la participación. MOE. https://www.moe.org.co/elecciones-y-discapacidad-encolombia-por-la-eliminacion-de-barreras-para-la-participacion/
Electoral Observation Mission. (2022, Sep. 21). Lanzamiento del Informe “Elecciones y Discapacidad en Colombia”. MOE.https://www.moe.org.co/en/lanzamiento-del-informe-elecciones-ydiscapacidad-en-colombia-por-la-eliminacion-de-barreras-para-la-participacion/
Fiala-Butora, J., Stein, M.A., & Lord, J. (2014). The democratic life of the union: Toward equal voting participation for europeans with disabilities. 55
Harvard International Law Journal 71-104 (2014). https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/facpubs/1673
Fredman, S. (2016). Substantive Equality Revisited. International Journal of Constitutional Law, 14(3),
712-738. https://doi.org/10.1093/icon/mow043
Fredman, S. (2001). Equality: A New Generation? Industrial Law Journal, 30(2), 145-168. https://doi.
org/10.1093/ilj/30.2.145
Fredman, S., Campbell, M., Samtani, S., Brickhill, J., Ramalekana, N. & Atrey, S. (2017). Achieving Transformative Equality for Persons with Disabilities: Submission to the CRPD Committee for General Comment No. 6 on Article 5 of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Oxford Human Rights Hub. A global perspective on human rights. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/HRBodies/CRPD/GC/Equality/OxfordHumanRightsHub.doc
Gardiner, R. (2008). Treaty Interpretation. Oxford University Press.
Guzmán, A. & Caballero, A. (2021). Participation of persons with disabilities in political life. a content analysis of recent literature (1997-2019). Estudios Políticos, 61(1), 154-177. https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.espo.n61a07
International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES). (2022). Elections in Colombia: 2022 Presidential Elections. https://www.ifes.org/tools-resources/faqs/elections-colombia-2022-presidentialelections
Lauterpacht, H. (1949). Restrictive Interpretation and the Principle of Effectiveness in the Interpretation of Treaties. British Yearbook of International Law, 26(1), 48-85. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/byrint26&div=6&id=&page=
Lawson, A. (2018). Accessibility. In I. Bantekas, M. A. Stein & D. Anastasiou (Eds.), The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: A Commentary (pp. 259-312). Oxford University Press.
Ley Estatutaria 1618 de 2013. (Feb. 27), por medio de la cual se establecen las disposiciones para garantizar el pleno ejercicio de los derechos de las personas con discapacidad. Diario Oficial n.°48.717.
Lord, J. E., Stein, M. A., & Fiala-Butora, J. (2014). Facilitating an equal right to vote for persons with disabilities. Journal of Human Rights Practice, 6(1), 115-139. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhuman/ hut034
Ministry of Health and Social Protection. (2020, Dic.10). Boletines poblacionales: personas con discapacidad. Prevalencia discapacidad. https://www.minsalud.gov.co/sites/rid/Lists/BibliotecaDigital/RIDE/DE/PS/boletines-poblacionales-personas-discapacidadI-2020.pdf
Moeckli, D. (2022). Equality and Non-Discrimination. En D. Moeckli, S. Shah S. Sivakumaran, & D,
Harris. (Eds.). International Human Rights Law (4th edition, pp. 157-173). Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198860112.003.0008
National Civil Registry. (2022, May. 29). Consulta de documentos escrutinio -Elecciones Presidente.Histórico de resultados electorales. https://www.registraduria.gov.co/-Historico-de-resultadoselectorales-Palacios, A. y Bariffi, F. (2007). La discapacidad como una cuestión de derechos humanos: una aproximación a la convención internacional sobre los derechos de las personas con discapacidad. Cinca.
Priestley, M., Stickings, M., Loja, E., Grammenos, S., Lawson, A., Waddington, L., & Fridriksdottir, B. (2016). The political participation of disabled people in Europe: Rights, accessibility and activism.Electoral Studies, 42, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2016.01.009
Draft Bill 141 of 2022. (2022, Jun. 02), por medio del cual se reforman procedimientos electorales y se dictan otras disposiciones.
Schur L., Ameri, M., & Adya, M. (2017). Disability, Voter Turnout, and Polling Place Accessibility. Social Science Quarterly, 98(5), 1374-1390. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12373
Seatzu, F. (2017). Accessibility. In V. D. Fina, R. Cera and G. Palmisano (Eds.), The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: A Commentary (pp. 225-242). Springer.
United Nations. (2006). Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. https://www.un.org/disabilities/documents/convention/convoptprot-e.pdf
United Nations. (2005, Aug. 04). UN General Assembly, Ad Hoc Committee, Daily Summaries of Discussion at the Sixth Session. United Nations Enable. https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/enable/rights/ahc6summary.htm
United Nations. (2003, Jun. 16-17). Report of the Second Session of the Ad Hoc Committee. AHC Home
https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/cybercrime/ad_hoc_committee/ahc-second-session.html
United Nations. (1969). Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/1_1_1969.pdf
United Nations, CRPD Committee. (2018a, Apr. 26). Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities General Comment No. 6 on Equality and Non-Discrimination. CRPD/C/GC/6. https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/general-comments-and-recommendations/general-comment-no6-equality-andnon-
discrimination
United Nations, CRPD Committee. (2018b, Mar. 29). Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Fiona Given v Australia, Views adopted by the Committee under article 5 of the Optional Protocol, concerning communication No 19/2014. CRPD/C/19/D/19/2014. https://acortar.link/BSkmwp
United Nations, CRPD Committee. (2016, Sep. 30). Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Concluding observations on the initial report of Colombia. CRPD/C/COL/CO/1. https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/TBSearch.aspx?Lang=en&TreatyID=4&CountryID=37&DocTypeID=5
United Nations, CRPD Committee. (2014, May. 22).General Comment No. 2 Article 9: Accessibility,CRPD/C/GC/2.https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/g14/033/13/pdf/g1403313.pdf?token=FOM5o6jJnzkbOfQzNA&fe=true
United Nations Treaty Collection. (2006). Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, chapter 4 Human rights. UNTC. https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-15&chapter=4
Waddington, L.B. (2013). Equal to the Task: Re-Examining EU Equality in Light of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. In L.B. Waddington, E. Quinn & E.
Flynn (Eds.), European Yearbook of Disability Law (vol. 4, pp. 169-200). Intersentia. https://cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/72537248/waddington_2013_equal_to_the_task.pdf
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