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Al Waleed, S. ., & Jadalhaq, I. M. . (2021). Liability for Withholding Assistance: General Clause or Closed List? A Review of Competing Models in Arab Legislations. Jurídicas, 18(2), 61–87. https://doi.org/10.17151/jurid.2021.18.2.5
Fomatos de Citação
Autores
Saher Al Waleed
Al-Azhar University
Iyad Mohammad Jadalhaq
Zayed UniversityResumo
This study reviews two main approaches for dealing with omission of assistance in the criminal laws of Arab jurisdictions. The first approach adopts a general clause on the crime of withholding assistance. This approach, following the model of the French Code pénal, prioritises the right to life and bodily integrity over individual freedom, and has been adopted in Algeria, the UAE, Qatar, Lebanon, Bahrain, Morocco, and Sudan. The second approach restricts criminal omission of assistance to a closed list of cases, in which it mandates a duty to intervene. The Palestinian Criminal Code follows this alternative model, with origins in English criminal law, prioritising individual freedom. The study presents the viability of a general omission clause in criminal law. It contrasts this with the absence of a comparable clause in civil liability, where Arab jurisprudence has instead codified a set of requirements for simple omission to result in civil liability.
Referências
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Abdul Latif, B. (2008). Positive criminal offence and omission: a comparative study. Journal of Human Sciences, 15(9), 465-87.
Abrams, N. (1972). Interpreting the criminal code ordinance, 1936: the untapped well. Israel Law Review, 7(1), 25-64. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021223700003411
Abu Srour, A. (2006). Fault as a condition in civil liability: a comparative study between Egyptian civil law and Jordanian civil law (LLM Thesis). An-Najah National University, Nablus.
Ahmed, A. (2010). Crimes of omission between islamic jurisprudence and positive law: a comparative study. New University House.
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Al-Din Al-Dinasuri, I. & Al-Shawarbi, A.H. (1988). Civil liability in the light of jurisprudence and judgments. Modern Cairo for Printing.
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Al-Jabri, I. (2014). Criminal protection of children’s rights: comparative study. New University House.
Al Kilani, J. (2005). Responsibility on account of abstention from doing public duty when needed. AnNajah University Journal for Research–B (Humanities), 19(1), 187-220.
Al-Qablawi, M. (2011). Medical criminal liability. University Thought House.
Al-Qahtani, F. (2005). Crimes of omission: comparative study between Sharīʿah and codified law – Applications in Saudi Case Law [LLM Thesis]. Naif Arab University for Security Sciences, Riyadh.
Al-Zarqa, M. (1968). Islamic jurisprudence in a new habit: the general jurisprudence introduction. AlAdeeb Press, Damascus.
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Al-Zuhaili, W. (2008). Islamic Jurisprudence and its Evidence, Part IX (6th Ed.). Dar al-Fikr.
Ashworth, A. (1999). Principles of criminal law (3rd Ed.). Oxford University Press.
Ashworth, A. & Steiner, E. (1990). Criminal Omissions and Public Duties: The French Experience. Legal Studies, 10(2), 153-64. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-121X.1990.tb00597.x
Awad, M. (1981) Criminal law: basic principles and theory. University Bookshop.
Badawi, A. (1938). General Principles of Criminal Law, Part I: Crime. Nuri Press.
Behnam, R. (1959-60). Modern Trends in the Theory of Act, Actors and Responsibility. Journal of Law for Legal and Economic Research, 9(3-4), 42-68.
Belal, A. (2002). Principles of the Egyptian Penal Code: General Section. Dar al-Nahda al-Arabiya.
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France. Cass Crim. (1988, Apr. 26). Bull crim, 178, p. 459.
France. Cass Crim. (1991, Mar. 27). Dr pén 1997, 125 note Véron.
France. Cass Crim. (1992, Apr. 2). GP 24 October 1992, 608.
France. Cass Crim. (1993, March 10). Dr pén 1993, 151 note Véron.
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Hanna, M. (1989). Criminal Liability of Doctors and Pharmacists. University Publications House.
Hosni, M. (1986). Crimes of Omission and Criminal Liability. Dar al-Nahda al-Arabiya.
Hussein, B.A. (2016). Crimes of Omission in Algerian Law [LLM Thesis]. University of Batna.
Jadalhaq, I.M. & Alqodsi, E.M. (2018). Civil Liability for Misuse of Online Communication Through Websites: An Analytical Study of UAE Law. Information & Communications Technology Law, 27(3), 284-303. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600834.2018.1517434
Kamel, S. (2014). The role of child protection in children’s rights: a comparative study. New University House.
Larguier, L. (1953). La Preuve d’un Fait Négatif [Proof of a Negative Fact]. Revue Trimestrielle de Droit Civil, 51.
Levasseur, G. (2018). Non-Assistance à Personne en Péril. In J.P. Doucet (Ed). La Science Criminelle: Pénalistes – Première Partie, La Loi Pénale. N.p.: Ledroitcriminel.fr. https://ledroitcriminel.fr/la_science_criminelle/penalistes/la_loi_penale/infraction/pcpales_incrim/levasseur_non_assist.htm
Levasseur, G. (1968-68). Cours de droit penal special. Les cours de droit.
Mansour, M. (2001). Compendium on the sources of obligation. New University House.
Massoud, K. (2014). The general theory of crimes of omission [LLM Thesis]. Abu Bakr Belqayd University, Tlemcen.
Medileg. (2009, May). Refus d’Assistance https://www.medileg.fr/IMG/article_PDF/Refus-d-assistance_a551.pdf
Menlowe, M.A. (1993). The philosophical foundations of a duty to rescue. In M.A. Menlowe & A. McCall Smith (Eds). The duty to rescue: The Jurisprudence of Aid. Dartmouth Publishing Co.
Mohamed, B.A. (2017). Criminal protection of labour rights in Algerian and Egyptian legislation: comparative study. New University House.
Mohammed, B. (2011). Criminal liability of the witness (1st Ed.). University Thought House.
Nasr, P. (2013). Special penal law, crimes and penalties: comparative and analytical study (1st Ed.). Modern Book Foundation.
Obaid, R. (1985). Principles of criminal procedure in egyptian law (6th ed.). Dar al-Jail for Printing.
Ordre National des Medecins (2017). Code de déontologie médicale [Code of medical ethics]. National Medical Board of France. https://www.conseil-national.medecin.fr/sites/default/files/codedeont.pdf
R v Miller [1983] 2 AC 161.
R v Nicholls (1874) 13 Cox CC 75.
Ramadan, O. (1961). The Idea of the Result in the Penal Code. Alkanon w elektasad [Journal of Law and Economics], 31(1), 103-24.
Rouas, F. (2014). Le délit de non assistance à personne en danger [the crime of withholding assistance to a person in danger]. https://www.avocat-rouaselbazis.com/le-delit-de-non-assistance-a-personneen-danger_ad24.html
Salim, A. (2003). Omission as a source of civil liability: comparative study. Dar al-Nahda al-Arabiya.
Savatier, R. (1964). Les metamorphoses economiques et sociales du droit civil d’aujourd’hui [The economic and social transformations of contemporary civil law]. Dalloz.
Shaheen, F. (2009). French civil law in arabic. Dalouz Editions.
Sharef, S. (2013). The crime of withholding assistance. Legal Book House.
Taha, M. (1999). Criminal protection of the rights of the child victim (1st Ed.). Naif Arab Academy for Security Sciences.
Zaghloul, B. (2016). Criminal liability for intentional murder by omission – between theory and practice. Dar al-Nahda al-Arabiya.
Zaki, M. (1978). Compendium on the general theory of obligations in egyptian civil law (3rd ed.). Cairo University Press.
Abdul Ghafoor, R. (2012). Wrongful omission from providing assistance and civil liability: a study in the light of the provisions of the civil code and comparative jurisprudence. Al-Qadisiyah Journal of Law and Political Science, 5(1), 218-52.
Abdul Latif, B. (2008). Positive criminal offence and omission: a comparative study. Journal of Human Sciences, 15(9), 465-87.
Abrams, N. (1972). Interpreting the criminal code ordinance, 1936: the untapped well. Israel Law Review, 7(1), 25-64. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021223700003411
Abu Srour, A. (2006). Fault as a condition in civil liability: a comparative study between Egyptian civil law and Jordanian civil law (LLM Thesis). An-Najah National University, Nablus.
Ahmed, A. (2010). Crimes of omission between islamic jurisprudence and positive law: a comparative study. New University House.
Al-Auji, M. (1996). Civil law: civil liability (1st Ed.). Hassoun Foundation.
Al-Din Al-Dinasuri, I. & Al-Shawarbi, A.H. (1988). Civil liability in the light of jurisprudence and judgments. Modern Cairo for Printing.
Al-Din Ibn Manzour, G. (n.d.). Dictionary of the Arabic language, Vol 6. Dar al-Ma’aref.
Al-Jabri, I. (2014). Criminal protection of children’s rights: comparative study. New University House.
Al Kilani, J. (2005). Responsibility on account of abstention from doing public duty when needed. AnNajah University Journal for Research–B (Humanities), 19(1), 187-220.
Al-Qablawi, M. (2011). Medical criminal liability. University Thought House.
Al-Qahtani, F. (2005). Crimes of omission: comparative study between Sharīʿah and codified law – Applications in Saudi Case Law [LLM Thesis]. Naif Arab University for Security Sciences, Riyadh.
Al-Zarqa, M. (1968). Islamic jurisprudence in a new habit: the general jurisprudence introduction. AlAdeeb Press, Damascus.
Al-Zindani, A.N. (1997). The intent of the offender: comparative study [PhD Thesis]. University of Cairo.
Al-Zuhaili, W. (2008). Islamic Jurisprudence and its Evidence, Part IX (6th Ed.). Dar al-Fikr.
Ashworth, A. (1999). Principles of criminal law (3rd Ed.). Oxford University Press.
Ashworth, A. & Steiner, E. (1990). Criminal Omissions and Public Duties: The French Experience. Legal Studies, 10(2), 153-64. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-121X.1990.tb00597.x
Awad, M. (1981) Criminal law: basic principles and theory. University Bookshop.
Badawi, A. (1938). General Principles of Criminal Law, Part I: Crime. Nuri Press.
Behnam, R. (1959-60). Modern Trends in the Theory of Act, Actors and Responsibility. Journal of Law for Legal and Economic Research, 9(3-4), 42-68.
Belal, A. (2002). Principles of the Egyptian Penal Code: General Section. Dar al-Nahda al-Arabiya.
Deprest, J. (2013-14). L’Homicide Involontaire d’un Enfant à Naître [Involuntary Murder of a Child to Be Born] (LLM Thesis). Catholic University of Louvain, Louvain.
El-Din Al-Ahwani, H. (1997-98). General Theory of Obligations, Part 1: Sources of Obligation – NonVoluntary Sources. Dar El-Nahda El-Arabiya.
France. CA Paris. (2000, February 18), Juris Data 106315.
France, Cass Civ(1) (2007, 28 novembre). 05-13153. https://juricaf.org/arret/FRANCE-COURDECASSATION-20071128-0513153
France. Cass Civ(1). (2000, Apr. 18), Bull Civ, I, 117, p. 78.
France. Cass Civ(1). (1951, Feb. 27). D 1951, 329 note Desbois.
France. Cass Civ(2). (2000, Jan. 6), Bull civ, II, 4, p. 3.
France. Cass Crim. (1997, Mar. 26), Bull Crim, 123, p. 408. https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichJuriJudi.do?idTexte=JURITEXT000007067485
France. Cass Crim. (1998, Feb. 4), unreported. https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichJuriJudi.do?oldAction=rechJuriJudi&idTexte=JURITEXT000007573550&fastReqId=864028456&fastPos=1
France. Cass Crim. (1949, May. 31)). JCP 1949, II, 4945 note Magnol.
France. Cass Crim. (1953, Mar. 23). Bull Crim, 104.
France. Cass Crim. (1953, Mar. 23). Rev sc crim 1953, 496 obs Hugueney.
France. Cass Crim. (1955, Feb. 1). D 1955, 384 note Vouin.
France. Cass Crim. (1959, Dec. 9). Bull Crim, 541.
France. Cass Crim. (1961, Mar. 15). Bull Crim, 162, p. 314.
France. Cass Crim. (1967, Jun. 29). JCP 1968, II, 15377 note Pradel.
France. Cass Crim. (1972, Jan. 3). D 1972, 220.
France. Cass Crim. (1975, Jul. 2). Bull Crim, 173.
France. Cass Civ(2). (1985, Apr. 19). GP 1985, panor, 399.
France. Cass Crim. (1988, Apr. 26). Bull crim, 178, p. 459.
France. Cass Crim. (1991, Mar. 27). Dr pén 1997, 125 note Véron.
France. Cass Crim. (1992, Apr. 2). GP 24 October 1992, 608.
France. Cass Crim. (1993, March 10). Dr pén 1993, 151 note Véron.
France. Cass Crim. (2016, Jun. 22). Bull Crim, 197.
France. Poitiers. (1901, Nov. 20). D 1902, 2, 81, note Le Poittevin.
Hanna, M. (1989). Criminal Liability of Doctors and Pharmacists. University Publications House.
Hosni, M. (1986). Crimes of Omission and Criminal Liability. Dar al-Nahda al-Arabiya.
Hussein, B.A. (2016). Crimes of Omission in Algerian Law [LLM Thesis]. University of Batna.
Jadalhaq, I.M. & Alqodsi, E.M. (2018). Civil Liability for Misuse of Online Communication Through Websites: An Analytical Study of UAE Law. Information & Communications Technology Law, 27(3), 284-303. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600834.2018.1517434
Kamel, S. (2014). The role of child protection in children’s rights: a comparative study. New University House.
Larguier, L. (1953). La Preuve d’un Fait Négatif [Proof of a Negative Fact]. Revue Trimestrielle de Droit Civil, 51.
Levasseur, G. (2018). Non-Assistance à Personne en Péril. In J.P. Doucet (Ed). La Science Criminelle: Pénalistes – Première Partie, La Loi Pénale. N.p.: Ledroitcriminel.fr. https://ledroitcriminel.fr/la_science_criminelle/penalistes/la_loi_penale/infraction/pcpales_incrim/levasseur_non_assist.htm
Levasseur, G. (1968-68). Cours de droit penal special. Les cours de droit.
Mansour, M. (2001). Compendium on the sources of obligation. New University House.
Massoud, K. (2014). The general theory of crimes of omission [LLM Thesis]. Abu Bakr Belqayd University, Tlemcen.
Medileg. (2009, May). Refus d’Assistance https://www.medileg.fr/IMG/article_PDF/Refus-d-assistance_a551.pdf
Menlowe, M.A. (1993). The philosophical foundations of a duty to rescue. In M.A. Menlowe & A. McCall Smith (Eds). The duty to rescue: The Jurisprudence of Aid. Dartmouth Publishing Co.
Mohamed, B.A. (2017). Criminal protection of labour rights in Algerian and Egyptian legislation: comparative study. New University House.
Mohammed, B. (2011). Criminal liability of the witness (1st Ed.). University Thought House.
Nasr, P. (2013). Special penal law, crimes and penalties: comparative and analytical study (1st Ed.). Modern Book Foundation.
Obaid, R. (1985). Principles of criminal procedure in egyptian law (6th ed.). Dar al-Jail for Printing.
Ordre National des Medecins (2017). Code de déontologie médicale [Code of medical ethics]. National Medical Board of France. https://www.conseil-national.medecin.fr/sites/default/files/codedeont.pdf
R v Miller [1983] 2 AC 161.
R v Nicholls (1874) 13 Cox CC 75.
Ramadan, O. (1961). The Idea of the Result in the Penal Code. Alkanon w elektasad [Journal of Law and Economics], 31(1), 103-24.
Rouas, F. (2014). Le délit de non assistance à personne en danger [the crime of withholding assistance to a person in danger]. https://www.avocat-rouaselbazis.com/le-delit-de-non-assistance-a-personneen-danger_ad24.html
Salim, A. (2003). Omission as a source of civil liability: comparative study. Dar al-Nahda al-Arabiya.
Savatier, R. (1964). Les metamorphoses economiques et sociales du droit civil d’aujourd’hui [The economic and social transformations of contemporary civil law]. Dalloz.
Shaheen, F. (2009). French civil law in arabic. Dalouz Editions.
Sharef, S. (2013). The crime of withholding assistance. Legal Book House.
Taha, M. (1999). Criminal protection of the rights of the child victim (1st Ed.). Naif Arab Academy for Security Sciences.
Zaghloul, B. (2016). Criminal liability for intentional murder by omission – between theory and practice. Dar al-Nahda al-Arabiya.
Zaki, M. (1978). Compendium on the general theory of obligations in egyptian civil law (3rd ed.). Cairo University Press.
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