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Mahyar, A. A. ., & Raisi, L. . (2018). Normas internacionales de inversión en procedimientos de arbitraje internacional y tratados de inversión. Jurídicas, 15(2), 11–35. https://doi.org/10.17151/jurid.2018.15.2.2
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Alireza Ansari Mahyar
Islamic Azad University
Leila Raisi
Islamic Azad UniversityResumen
Due to the significant importance of foreign investment in the economic growth of countries, especially developing countries, the purpose of this research is to review the international standards of investment in international arbitration procedures and investment treaties which have been very effective in removing investment barriers, as well as protecting and attracting more foreign investors in host states. The research method used in this research is descriptive-analytical using library resources. The present study, by describing and analyzing concepts and examples and methods of enforcement of international standards of investment in bilateral and multilateral investment treaties as well as the international arbitration procedure, has concluded that these standards are very flexible and dynamic,and they evolve over time.
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Bjorklund, A. K. (2008). National Treatment. In A. Reinisch (ed.), Standards of Investment Protection. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bronfman, M.K. (2006). Fair and Equitable Treatment — An Evolving Standard. Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law, 10. Retrieved from http://www.mpil.de/files/pdf3/mpunyb_15_marcela_iii. pdf.
Choukroune, L. (2014). National treatment in international investment law and arbitration: A relative standard for autonomous public regulation and sovereign development. In A. Kamperman Sanders (ed.), The Principle of National Treatment in International Economic Law: Trade, Investment and Intellectual Property, Cheltenham. UK: Edward Elgar publishing.
Collins, D. (2011). Applying the Full Protection and Security Standard of International Investment Law to Digital Assets. Journal of World Investment and Trade, 12 (2). Retrieved from http://openaccess.city. ac.uk/627/2/ApplyingtheFullProtectionandSecurityStandard.pdf.
Collins, D. (2014). National treatment in emerging market investment treaties. In A. Kamperman Sanders (ed.), The Principle of National Treatment in International Economic Law: Trade, Investment and Intellectual Property, Cheltenham. UK: Edward Elgar publishing.
Cordero Moss, G. (2008). Full Protection and Security. In A. Reinisch (ed.), Standards of Investment Protection, Oxford.
De Brabandere, E. (2016). ‘States’ Reassertion of Control Over International Investment Law - (Re) Defining Fair and Equitable Treatment and Indirect Expropriation. In A. Kulick (ed.), Reassertion of Control Over the Investment Treaty Regime. Cambridge University Press, Forthcoming. Retrieved from https://ssrn.com/abstract=2846998
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Dumberry, P. (2016a). Has the Fair and Equitable Treatment Standard Become a Rule of Customary International Law?. Journal of International Dispute Settlement. etrieved from http://jids. oxfordjournals.org.sci-hub.cc/content/early/2016/04/01/jnlids.idw002.full.pdf.
Dumberry, P. (2016b). The Practice of States as Evidence of Custom: An Analysis of Fair and Equitable Treatment Standard Clauses in States’ Foreign Investment Laws. McGill Journal of Dispute Resolution, 2 (1). Retrieved from http://mjdr-rrdm.ca/law/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/6.-Dumberry-.pdf.
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Salacuse, J.W. (2015). The Law of Investment Treaties. Oxford International Law Library.
Schlemmer, E.C. (2008). Investment, Investor, Nationality, and Shareholders. In P. Muchlinski, F. Ortino & Ch. Schreuer (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of International Investment Law. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Schreuer Ch. (2013). Investment, international protection. Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law [MPEPIL]. Retrieved from http://www.univie.ac.at/intlaw/wordpress/pdf/investments_Int_Protection.pdf.
Schreuer, Ch. (2010). Full Protection and Security. Journal of International Dispute Settlement, 1 (2)
Thulasidhass, P.R. (2015). Most-Favored-Nation Treatment in International Investment Law: Ascertaining the Limits Through Interpretative Principles. Amsterdam Law Forum, 7 (1). Retrieved from http://amsterdamlawforum.org/article/view/346/512.
Titi, C. (2016). Most-Favored-Nation Treatment: Survival Clauses and Reform of International Investment Law. Journal of International Arbitration, 33 (5). Retrieved from http://www.kluwerlawonline.com.sci-hub.cc/document.php?id=JOIA2016034.
Tudor, L. (2008). The FET in International Investment Agreements: A Typology of Drafting Formulations. In L. Tudor (ed.), The Fair and Equitable Treatment Standard in International Foreign Investment Law. UK, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). (2012). Fair and Equitable Treatment, UNCTAD Series on Issues in International investment agreements II, New York and Geneva. Retrieved from http://unctad.org/en/Docs/unctaddiaeia2011d5_en.pdf
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Yannaca-Small, K. (2008). Fair and Equitable Treatment Standard: Recent Developments. In A. Reinisch (ed.), Standards of Investment Protection. Oxford. Zeitler, H, E. (2010). Full Protection and Security. In S. W. Schill (ed.), International Investment Law and Comparative Public Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ziegler, A.R. (2008). Most-favored-nation (MFN) treatment. In A. Reinisch (ed.), Standards of Investment Protection. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
ADF Group Inc. v. United States of America, ICSID Case No. ARB (AF)/00/1, Award, 9 January 2003. Retrieved from http://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case- documents/ita0009.pdf.
Alex Genin, Eastern Credit Limited, Inc. and A.S. Baltoil v. The Republic of Estonia, ICSID Case No. ARB/99/2, Award, 25 June 2001. Retrieved from http://www.italaw.com/documents/Genin-Award.pdf
American Manufacturing & Trading, In c. (AMT) (USA) v. Republic of Zaire, ICSID Case No. ARB/93/1, 21 February 1997. Retrieved from http://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/
ita0028.pdf.
Biwater Gauff v. The Republic of Tanzania, ICSID Case No. ARB/05/22, Award, 24 July 2008. Retrieved from http://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/ita0095.pdf.
Compania de Aguas del Aconquija S.A. and Vivendi Universal S.A. v Argentine Republic II, ICSID Case No. ARB/97/3, Award, 20 August 2007. Retrieved from http://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/ita0215.pdf.
Emilio Agustín Maffezini v. The Kingdom of Spain, ICSID Case No. ARB/97/7, Decision on Jurisdiction, 25 January 2000. Retrieved from http://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/ita0479.pdf.
Enron Corporation and Ponderosa Assets, L.P. v. Argentine Republic, ICSID Case No. ARB/01/3, Award, 22 May 2007. Retrieved from http://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/ita0293.pdf
Gami Investments, Inc. v. The Government of the United Mexican States, UNCITRAL, Final Award. 15 Nov 2004. Retrieved from http://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/ita0353_0.pdf
Marvin Roy Feldman Karpa v. United Mexican States, ICSID Case No. ARB(AF)/99/1, Award, 16 December 2002. Retrieved from www.italaw.com/documents/feldman_mexico-award-english.pdf
Methanex Corporation v. United States of America, UNCITRAL, Final Award, 3 August 2005. Retrieved from http://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case- documents/ita0529.pdf.
Noble Ventures, Inc. v. Romania, ICSID Case No. ARB/01/11, Award, 12 Sep. 2005. Retrieved from
http://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/ita0565.pdf.
Occidental Exploration and Production Company v. Ecuador, UNCITRAL, Award, 1 July 2004, Retrieved
from http://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/ita0571.pdf.
Phoenix Action, Ltd. V Czech Republic, ICSID Case No. ARB/06/5, Award, 15 Apr. 2009. Retrieved from
http://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/ita0668.pdf.
Plama Consortium Limited v. Republic of Bulgaria, ICSID Case No. ARB/03/24, Decision on Jurisdiction, 8 Feb 2005. Retrieved from ttp://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/ita0669.pdf
PSEG Global Inc. v. Republic of Turk., ICSID Case No. ARB/02/5, Award, 19 Jan. 2007. Retrieved from http://italaw.com/documents/PSEGGlobal-Turkey-Award.pdf.
Ronald S. Lauder v Czech Republic, UNCITRAL, Award, 3 September 2001. Retrieved from http://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/ita0451.pdf.
S.D. Myers Inc. v. Canada, UNCITRAL, First Partial Award, 13 November 2000. Retrieved from http://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/ita0747.pdf
Saluka Investments BV (The Netherlands) v The Czech Republic, UNCITRAL, Partial Award, 17 March 2006. Retrieved from http://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/ita0740.pdf.
Salini Costruttori SpA and Italstrade SpA v Kingdom of Morocco, ICSID Case No. ARB/00/4, Decision on Jurisdiction, 23 July 2001. Retrieved from http://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/casedocuments/ita0738.pdf.
Swisslion Doo Skopje v. Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, ICSID Case No. ARB/09/16, Award, 6 July, 2012. Retrieved from http://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/ita1080.pdf.
Siemens A.G. v The Argentina Republic, ICSID Case No. ARB/02/8, Award, 6 February 2007. Retrieved from http://www.italaw.com/documents/Siemens-Argentina-Award.pdf.
Técnicas Medioambientales Tecmed, S.A. v. The United Mexican States, ICSID Case No. ARB (AF)/00/2, Award, 29 May 2003. Retrieved from http://www.italaw.com/documents/Tecnicas_001.pdf.
Ulysseas, Inc v Ecuador, UNCITRAL, Final Award of 12 June 2012. Retrieved from http://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/ita1019.pdf.
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Bjorklund, A. K. (2008). National Treatment. In A. Reinisch (ed.), Standards of Investment Protection. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bronfman, M.K. (2006). Fair and Equitable Treatment — An Evolving Standard. Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law, 10. Retrieved from http://www.mpil.de/files/pdf3/mpunyb_15_marcela_iii. pdf.
Choukroune, L. (2014). National treatment in international investment law and arbitration: A relative standard for autonomous public regulation and sovereign development. In A. Kamperman Sanders (ed.), The Principle of National Treatment in International Economic Law: Trade, Investment and Intellectual Property, Cheltenham. UK: Edward Elgar publishing.
Collins, D. (2011). Applying the Full Protection and Security Standard of International Investment Law to Digital Assets. Journal of World Investment and Trade, 12 (2). Retrieved from http://openaccess.city. ac.uk/627/2/ApplyingtheFullProtectionandSecurityStandard.pdf.
Collins, D. (2014). National treatment in emerging market investment treaties. In A. Kamperman Sanders (ed.), The Principle of National Treatment in International Economic Law: Trade, Investment and Intellectual Property, Cheltenham. UK: Edward Elgar publishing.
Cordero Moss, G. (2008). Full Protection and Security. In A. Reinisch (ed.), Standards of Investment Protection, Oxford.
De Brabandere, E. (2016). ‘States’ Reassertion of Control Over International Investment Law - (Re) Defining Fair and Equitable Treatment and Indirect Expropriation. In A. Kulick (ed.), Reassertion of Control Over the Investment Treaty Regime. Cambridge University Press, Forthcoming. Retrieved from https://ssrn.com/abstract=2846998
Dolzer, R. & Schreuer, Ch. (2012). Principles of International Investment Law. New York: Oxford University Press.
Dolzer, R. (2014). Fair and Equitable Treatment: Today’s Contours, Santa Clara Journal of international law, 12. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/scujil/vol12/iss1/2/.
Dumberry, P. (2016a). Has the Fair and Equitable Treatment Standard Become a Rule of Customary International Law?. Journal of International Dispute Settlement. etrieved from http://jids. oxfordjournals.org.sci-hub.cc/content/early/2016/04/01/jnlids.idw002.full.pdf.
Dumberry, P. (2016b). The Practice of States as Evidence of Custom: An Analysis of Fair and Equitable Treatment Standard Clauses in States’ Foreign Investment Laws. McGill Journal of Dispute Resolution, 2 (1). Retrieved from http://mjdr-rrdm.ca/law/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/6.-Dumberry-.pdf.
Gaillard, E. (2009). Identify or Define? Reflections on the Evolution of the Concept of Investment in ICSID Practice. In Ch. Binder, U. Kriebaum, A. Reinisch & S. Wittich (eds.), International Investment Law For the 21st Century: Essays in Honour of Christoph Schreuer. UK: Oxford University Press.
Grabowski, A. (2014). The Definition of Investment under the ICSID Convention: A Defense of Salini. Chicago Journal of International Law, 15 (1). Retrieved from http://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cjil/vol15/iss1/13.
Harb, J.P. (2011). Definition of investments protected by international treaties: an on-going hot debate. Mealey’s International Arbitration Report, 26 (8). Retrieved from http://www.jonesday.com/files/Publication/c24e6d62-3269-4b32-b93d-992f1d5e2e77/Presentation/PublicationAttachment/b4526438-d73b-4bd4-a780-8003fe19feaf/689472.pdf.
Kläger, R. (2011). Fair and Equitable Treatment in International Investment Law, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kurtz, J. (2010). The Merits and Limits of Comparativism: National Treatment in International Investment Law and the WTO. In S. W. Schill (ed.), International Investment Law and Comparative Public Law. UK: Oxford University Press.
Lowe, V. (2007). Changing Dimensions of International Investment Law. Oxford Legal Studies Research Paper, 4. Retrieved from https://ssrn.com/abstract=970727.
Malik, M. (2009). Definition of Investment in International Investment Agreements. Bulletin 1, Best Practice Series, International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD). Retrieved from http://www.iisd.org/pdf/2009/best_practices_bulletin_1.pdf.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2008). International Investment Law: Understanding Concepts and Tracking Innovations. OECD publishing. Retrieved from www.oecd.org/daf/inv/internationalinvestmentagreements/40471468.pdf.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2004). Most Favored Nation Treatment in International Investment Law, OECD publishing. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/daf/inv/investment-policy/WP-2004_2.pdf.
Salacuse, J.W. (2015). The Law of Investment Treaties. Oxford International Law Library.
Schlemmer, E.C. (2008). Investment, Investor, Nationality, and Shareholders. In P. Muchlinski, F. Ortino & Ch. Schreuer (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of International Investment Law. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Schreuer Ch. (2013). Investment, international protection. Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law [MPEPIL]. Retrieved from http://www.univie.ac.at/intlaw/wordpress/pdf/investments_Int_Protection.pdf.
Schreuer, Ch. (2010). Full Protection and Security. Journal of International Dispute Settlement, 1 (2)
Thulasidhass, P.R. (2015). Most-Favored-Nation Treatment in International Investment Law: Ascertaining the Limits Through Interpretative Principles. Amsterdam Law Forum, 7 (1). Retrieved from http://amsterdamlawforum.org/article/view/346/512.
Titi, C. (2016). Most-Favored-Nation Treatment: Survival Clauses and Reform of International Investment Law. Journal of International Arbitration, 33 (5). Retrieved from http://www.kluwerlawonline.com.sci-hub.cc/document.php?id=JOIA2016034.
Tudor, L. (2008). The FET in International Investment Agreements: A Typology of Drafting Formulations. In L. Tudor (ed.), The Fair and Equitable Treatment Standard in International Foreign Investment Law. UK, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). (2012). Fair and Equitable Treatment, UNCTAD Series on Issues in International investment agreements II, New York and Geneva. Retrieved from http://unctad.org/en/Docs/unctaddiaeia2011d5_en.pdf
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). (2011). Scope and Definition, UNCTAD Series on Issues in International investment agreements II, New York and Geneva. Retrieved from unctad.org/en/Docs/diaeia20102_en.pdf. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). (2010). Most-Favored-Nation, UNCTAD Series on Issues in International Investment Agreements II, New York and Geneva. Retrieved from http://unctad.org/en/Docs/diaeia20101_en.pdf.
Yannaca-Small, K. (2008). Fair and Equitable Treatment Standard: Recent Developments. In A. Reinisch (ed.), Standards of Investment Protection. Oxford. Zeitler, H, E. (2010). Full Protection and Security. In S. W. Schill (ed.), International Investment Law and Comparative Public Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ziegler, A.R. (2008). Most-favored-nation (MFN) treatment. In A. Reinisch (ed.), Standards of Investment Protection. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
ADF Group Inc. v. United States of America, ICSID Case No. ARB (AF)/00/1, Award, 9 January 2003. Retrieved from http://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case- documents/ita0009.pdf.
Alex Genin, Eastern Credit Limited, Inc. and A.S. Baltoil v. The Republic of Estonia, ICSID Case No. ARB/99/2, Award, 25 June 2001. Retrieved from http://www.italaw.com/documents/Genin-Award.pdf
American Manufacturing & Trading, In c. (AMT) (USA) v. Republic of Zaire, ICSID Case No. ARB/93/1, 21 February 1997. Retrieved from http://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/
ita0028.pdf.
Biwater Gauff v. The Republic of Tanzania, ICSID Case No. ARB/05/22, Award, 24 July 2008. Retrieved from http://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/ita0095.pdf.
Compania de Aguas del Aconquija S.A. and Vivendi Universal S.A. v Argentine Republic II, ICSID Case No. ARB/97/3, Award, 20 August 2007. Retrieved from http://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/ita0215.pdf.
Emilio Agustín Maffezini v. The Kingdom of Spain, ICSID Case No. ARB/97/7, Decision on Jurisdiction, 25 January 2000. Retrieved from http://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/ita0479.pdf.
Enron Corporation and Ponderosa Assets, L.P. v. Argentine Republic, ICSID Case No. ARB/01/3, Award, 22 May 2007. Retrieved from http://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/ita0293.pdf
Gami Investments, Inc. v. The Government of the United Mexican States, UNCITRAL, Final Award. 15 Nov 2004. Retrieved from http://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/ita0353_0.pdf
Marvin Roy Feldman Karpa v. United Mexican States, ICSID Case No. ARB(AF)/99/1, Award, 16 December 2002. Retrieved from www.italaw.com/documents/feldman_mexico-award-english.pdf
Methanex Corporation v. United States of America, UNCITRAL, Final Award, 3 August 2005. Retrieved from http://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case- documents/ita0529.pdf.
Noble Ventures, Inc. v. Romania, ICSID Case No. ARB/01/11, Award, 12 Sep. 2005. Retrieved from
http://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/ita0565.pdf.
Occidental Exploration and Production Company v. Ecuador, UNCITRAL, Award, 1 July 2004, Retrieved
from http://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/ita0571.pdf.
Phoenix Action, Ltd. V Czech Republic, ICSID Case No. ARB/06/5, Award, 15 Apr. 2009. Retrieved from
http://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/ita0668.pdf.
Plama Consortium Limited v. Republic of Bulgaria, ICSID Case No. ARB/03/24, Decision on Jurisdiction, 8 Feb 2005. Retrieved from ttp://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/ita0669.pdf
PSEG Global Inc. v. Republic of Turk., ICSID Case No. ARB/02/5, Award, 19 Jan. 2007. Retrieved from http://italaw.com/documents/PSEGGlobal-Turkey-Award.pdf.
Ronald S. Lauder v Czech Republic, UNCITRAL, Award, 3 September 2001. Retrieved from http://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/ita0451.pdf.
S.D. Myers Inc. v. Canada, UNCITRAL, First Partial Award, 13 November 2000. Retrieved from http://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/ita0747.pdf
Saluka Investments BV (The Netherlands) v The Czech Republic, UNCITRAL, Partial Award, 17 March 2006. Retrieved from http://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/ita0740.pdf.
Salini Costruttori SpA and Italstrade SpA v Kingdom of Morocco, ICSID Case No. ARB/00/4, Decision on Jurisdiction, 23 July 2001. Retrieved from http://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/casedocuments/ita0738.pdf.
Swisslion Doo Skopje v. Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, ICSID Case No. ARB/09/16, Award, 6 July, 2012. Retrieved from http://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/ita1080.pdf.
Siemens A.G. v The Argentina Republic, ICSID Case No. ARB/02/8, Award, 6 February 2007. Retrieved from http://www.italaw.com/documents/Siemens-Argentina-Award.pdf.
Técnicas Medioambientales Tecmed, S.A. v. The United Mexican States, ICSID Case No. ARB (AF)/00/2, Award, 29 May 2003. Retrieved from http://www.italaw.com/documents/Tecnicas_001.pdf.
Ulysseas, Inc v Ecuador, UNCITRAL, Final Award of 12 June 2012. Retrieved from http://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/ita1019.pdf.
United Parcel Service of America Inc. v. Government of Canada, UNCITRAL, Award, 24 May 2007.Retrieved from http://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/ita0885.pdf.
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