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Arrieta-López, M., Martínez-Durango, L. M., Campos Benavides, J., & D’Amato Castillo, G. (2025). Feminism: A Political, Social, Cultural and Human Rights Challenge. Jurídicas, 22(2), 19–49. https://doi.org/10.17151/jurid.2025.22.2.2
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Abstract
This article examines feminism as a legal, political, social, cultural, and human rights challenge. The study analyzes its origins, scope, and relationship with the evolution of the concepts of the individual and the legal subject. Through a documentary and bibliographic methodology supported by critical analysis, the article traces the development of feminism across four identifiable waves and evaluates the principal challenges that contemporary feminist movements confront. The article argues that feminism has played a decisive role in the transformation of modern legal and political thought by exposing the persistent gap between formal equality and substantive equality. Furthermore, it demonstrates that feminist theory and activism have contributed to a profound—although still incomplete—reconfiguration of legal and social structures through sustained critique of patriarchal arrangements and demands for more effective guarantees of dignity, equality, participation, and rights for women in both public and private spheres.
References
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Abreu, M. (2018). Materialist feminism in France: Socio-history of a reflection. Revista Estudos Feministas, 26(3).
https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9584-2018v26n354237
Adams, C. J. (1990). The sexual politics of meat: A feminist-vegetarian critical theory. Bloomsbury.
Adams, C. J. (2015). Eat rice. Have faith in women. In The sexual politics of meat: A feminist-vegetarian critical theory (pp. 131-132). Bloomsbury
Alberdi, I. (2020). History of feminism. Revista de Occidente, (466), 17-25.
Aldasoro, A., & De la Fuente, I. (2022). Towards a new framework to overcome the shadows of institutional feminism. Revista Estudos Feministas, 30(2). https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9584-2022V30N276957
American Civil Liberties Union. (2024). Mapping attacks on LGBTQ rights in U.S. state legislatures in 2024. https://www.aclu.org/legislative-attacks-on-lgbtq-rights-2024
Arrieta-López, M. (2023). The human right to peace: Content, challenges, and forms of realization. Justicia, 28(43), 17-32. https://doi.org/10.17081/just.28.43.6180
Arrieta-López, M. (2020). From peace and the planetary republics of the Enlightenment to the materialization of perpetual peace and universal citizenship. Utopía y Praxis Latinoamericana, 25, 473-488. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4278408
Arrieta-López, M. (2019). From democracy to aretecracy: Origin, evolution, and universalization. Utopía y Praxis Latinoamericana, 24, 115-132. https://produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/utopia/article/view/29689
Beauvoir, S. (1987). The second sex (1st ed.). Siglo XX.
Becerra, R. R. (2021). La médiation familiale et la violence conjugale: Une discussion sur sa pertinence par l’entremise d’une revue de littérature. Revista Republicana, 30, 179-191. https://doi.org/10.21017/Rev.Repub.2021.v30.a102
Beltrán Pedreira, E., Maquieira D’Angelo, V., Álvarez, S., & Sánchez Muñoz, C. (2008). Feminismos: Debates teóricos contemporáneos. Alianza Editorial.
Blanco, J., Téllez, R., & Bocanegra, H. (2021). Sexual violence against women as a tactical procedure of illegal armed groups within the Colombian internal armed conflict: Problems of visibility, prevention, and assistance. Revista Republicana, (30), 125-146.
Butler, J. (1990). Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity. Routledge.
Campbell, B. (1980). A feminist sexual politics: Now you see it, now you don’t. Feminist Review, 5, 1-17.
Ciriza, A. (2002). Pasado y presente: El dilema Wollstonecraft como herencia teórica y política In A. Boron & A. de Vita (Eds.), Teoría y filosofía política: La recuperación de los clásicos en el debate latinoamericano (pp. 217-242). Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales.
Convention on Women’s Rights in the United States. (1848). Seneca Falls Declaration. https://www.amnistiacatalunya.org/edu/docs/e-hist-senecafalls-1848.html
Costa, M. (2016). Feminismos jurídicos. Editorial Didot.
Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 1241. https://doi.org/10.2307/1229039
Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A Black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory, and antiracist politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 1989(1), 139-167. https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1052&context=uclf
Delva, J. E., & Gonzalez, I. S. (2022). Digital sexual commerce: Social media and international regulation. Jurídicas CUC, 18(1), 241-278. https://doi.org/10.17981/juridcuc.18.1.2022.11 De Gouges, O. (1791). Declaration of the rights of woman and the female citizen. https://observadoresddhh.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/declaracion_derechos_mujer.pdf
Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization, 597 U.S. 215 (2022). https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/597/19-1392
Forouzan, K., Guarnieri, I., Fairbanks, M., & Curhan, T. (2024, December 16). State policy trends 2024: Anti-abortion policymakers redouble attacks on bodily autonomy. Guttmacher Institute. https://www.guttmacher.org/2024/12/state-policy-trends-2024-anti-abortion-policymakers-redoubleattacks-
bodily-autonomy
Friedan, B. (1963). The feminine mystique. Júcar.
Hernández García de Velazco, J. J., Velazco Hernández, J. C., & Blanco Valiente, S. (2022). Feminism and women’s political participation in Colombia: A retrospective of the twentieth century (1949-1991). Izquierdas, 51, 1-28. http://www.izquierdas.cl/images/pdf/2022/51/art67.pdf
Grosland, T. J. (2018). A woman’s worth: Valuing self, risk, and (re)vision. In S.A. Shelton, J.E. Flynn, & T.J. Grosland (Eds.) Feminism and intersectionality in academia: Women’s narratives and experiences in higher education (pp. 85-94) Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90590-7_8
Hooks, B. (1981). Ain’t I a woman: Black women and feminism. South End Press.
Jaramillo Sierra, I. C. (2022). Sex equality. In C. Hübner Mendes, R. Gargarella, & S. Guidi (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of constitutional law in Latin America (pp. 718-733). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198786900.013.50
Keller, E. F., Rocha, G. R., & Rocha, L. F. da S. (2022). Ciência e gênero, feminismo e história das ciências: Entrevista com Evelyn Fox Keller. História, Ciências, Saúde – Manguinhos, 29(3), 725-735. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-59702022000300008
Kohen, B. (2007). Gender in family justice in the city of Buenos Aires. Editorial Ad-Hoc/UBA.
Lorde, A. (1984). Sister outsider: Essays and speeches. Crossing Press.
Mackay, F. (2015). Radical feminism: Feminist activism in movement. Palgrave Macmillan.
Maffía, D. (2012, 2-3 de agosto). Hacia un lenguaje inclusivo. ¿Es posible? [conference]. Jornadas de Actualización Profesional sobre Traducción, Análisis del Discurso, Género y Lenguaje Inclusivo, Universidad de Belgrano, Buenos Aires, Argentina. http://dianamaffia.com.ar/archivos/Traducci%C3%B3n-y-lenguaje-inclusivo.pdf
Martin Fiorino, V.R., Arrieta-López, M., Ávila-Hernández, F. M., & Ramos Martínez, Y. (2022). The limits of the future: Technoscience, ethics, and governance of the commons. Fronteiras: Journal of Social, Technological and Environmental Science, 11(1), 333-344. https://doi.org/10.21664/2238-
8869.2022v11i1.p333-344
Mattos, P. (2022). Anticapitalist feminism: Articulating theory and practice. Revista Estudos Feministas, 30(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9584-2022V30N172837
Mazo, W.D.J. (2019). The catholic tradition, its influence in shaping the role of women in the traditional Colombian family and its relationship with partner violence within. Ratio Juris UNAULA, 14(28), 219-252. https://doi.org/10.24142/raju.v14n28a8
Mendes, K., Ringrose, J., & Keller, J. (2019). Digital feminist activism: Girls and women fight back against rape culture. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190697846.001.0001
Meza-Godoy, A., Arrieta-López, M., & Carrasquilla-Díaz, L. P. (2021). Analysis of parties, representatives, and limits of the officious intermeddler in extrajudicial conciliation in Colombia. Revista Republicana, 31, 191-209. https://doi.org/10.21017/Rev.Repub.2021.v31.a113
Millett, K. (1970). Sexual politics. Doubleday.
Noli, S., Arrieta, M., & Meza, A. (2018). Perspectives on the concertation of a bilateral integral agreement between China and Colombia. Revista Espacios, 39(42). http://www.revistaespacios.com/a18v39n42/18394224.html
Paulilo, M.I.S. (2022). The social class concept in peasant and popular feminism. Revista Estudos Feministas, 30(2). https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9584-2022V30N276934
Phillips, R., & Cree, V. E. (2014). What does the “fourth wave” mean for teaching feminism in twentyfirst-century social work? Social Work Education, 33(7), 930-943. https://doi.org/10.1080/02615479.2014.885007
Rousseau, J.J. (1980). Discourse on the origin and foundations of inequality among men. Alianza Editorial. (Original work published 1755)
Sánchez, M. (2016). Eve expelled from paradise: some reflections on woman’s exclusion in the construction of patriarchal order. Punto Cero, 21(32), 21-35. http://www.scielo.org.bo/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1815-02762016000100002&lng=es&tlng=es
Scott, J. W. (2012). Women and the rights of man: Feminism and suffrage in France, 1789-1944. Siglo XXI Editores.
Sommers, C.H. (2013). The war against boys: How misguided feminism is harming our young men.Simon & Schuster.
Sorzano Rodríguez, D. M., Galván Vela, E., Bonilla Ovallos, M. E., & Ravina-Ripoll, R. (2021). Bibliometric study of the theoretical construct “victim”: An approach based on the armed conflict in Colombia. Jurídicas CUC, 18(1), 109-134. https://doi.org/10.17981/juridcuc.18.1.2022.05
Stuart Mill, J. (1869). The subjection of women. https://www.amnistiacatalunya.org/edu/2/fem/fem-js.mill.html
Torrejano, R., & Bocanegra, H. (2022). Social characters as a key in the construction of collective identity: Middle Ages. Revista Republicana, (32), 69-92. http://ojs.urepublicana.edu.co/index.php/revistarepublicana/article/view/803
United Nations. (1948, December 10). Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Resolution 217 A [III]). https://undocs.org/en/A/RES/217(III)
United Nations Working Group on discrimination against women and girls. (2024). Escalating backlash against gender equality and urgency of reaffirming substantive equality and the human rights of women and girls (A/HRC/56/51). United Nations. https://docs.un.org/en/a/hrc/56/51
Wollstonecraft, M. (1792). A vindication of the rights of woman. http://jzb.com.es/resources/vindicacion_derechos_mujer_1792.pdf
Abreu, M. (2018). Materialist feminism in France: Socio-history of a reflection. Revista Estudos Feministas, 26(3).
https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9584-2018v26n354237
Adams, C. J. (1990). The sexual politics of meat: A feminist-vegetarian critical theory. Bloomsbury.
Adams, C. J. (2015). Eat rice. Have faith in women. In The sexual politics of meat: A feminist-vegetarian critical theory (pp. 131-132). Bloomsbury
Alberdi, I. (2020). History of feminism. Revista de Occidente, (466), 17-25.
Aldasoro, A., & De la Fuente, I. (2022). Towards a new framework to overcome the shadows of institutional feminism. Revista Estudos Feministas, 30(2). https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9584-2022V30N276957
American Civil Liberties Union. (2024). Mapping attacks on LGBTQ rights in U.S. state legislatures in 2024. https://www.aclu.org/legislative-attacks-on-lgbtq-rights-2024
Arrieta-López, M. (2023). The human right to peace: Content, challenges, and forms of realization. Justicia, 28(43), 17-32. https://doi.org/10.17081/just.28.43.6180
Arrieta-López, M. (2020). From peace and the planetary republics of the Enlightenment to the materialization of perpetual peace and universal citizenship. Utopía y Praxis Latinoamericana, 25, 473-488. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4278408
Arrieta-López, M. (2019). From democracy to aretecracy: Origin, evolution, and universalization. Utopía y Praxis Latinoamericana, 24, 115-132. https://produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/utopia/article/view/29689
Beauvoir, S. (1987). The second sex (1st ed.). Siglo XX.
Becerra, R. R. (2021). La médiation familiale et la violence conjugale: Une discussion sur sa pertinence par l’entremise d’une revue de littérature. Revista Republicana, 30, 179-191. https://doi.org/10.21017/Rev.Repub.2021.v30.a102
Beltrán Pedreira, E., Maquieira D’Angelo, V., Álvarez, S., & Sánchez Muñoz, C. (2008). Feminismos: Debates teóricos contemporáneos. Alianza Editorial.
Blanco, J., Téllez, R., & Bocanegra, H. (2021). Sexual violence against women as a tactical procedure of illegal armed groups within the Colombian internal armed conflict: Problems of visibility, prevention, and assistance. Revista Republicana, (30), 125-146.
Butler, J. (1990). Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity. Routledge.
Campbell, B. (1980). A feminist sexual politics: Now you see it, now you don’t. Feminist Review, 5, 1-17.
Ciriza, A. (2002). Pasado y presente: El dilema Wollstonecraft como herencia teórica y política In A. Boron & A. de Vita (Eds.), Teoría y filosofía política: La recuperación de los clásicos en el debate latinoamericano (pp. 217-242). Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales.
Convention on Women’s Rights in the United States. (1848). Seneca Falls Declaration. https://www.amnistiacatalunya.org/edu/docs/e-hist-senecafalls-1848.html
Costa, M. (2016). Feminismos jurídicos. Editorial Didot.
Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 1241. https://doi.org/10.2307/1229039
Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A Black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory, and antiracist politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 1989(1), 139-167. https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1052&context=uclf
Delva, J. E., & Gonzalez, I. S. (2022). Digital sexual commerce: Social media and international regulation. Jurídicas CUC, 18(1), 241-278. https://doi.org/10.17981/juridcuc.18.1.2022.11 De Gouges, O. (1791). Declaration of the rights of woman and the female citizen. https://observadoresddhh.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/declaracion_derechos_mujer.pdf
Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization, 597 U.S. 215 (2022). https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/597/19-1392
Forouzan, K., Guarnieri, I., Fairbanks, M., & Curhan, T. (2024, December 16). State policy trends 2024: Anti-abortion policymakers redouble attacks on bodily autonomy. Guttmacher Institute. https://www.guttmacher.org/2024/12/state-policy-trends-2024-anti-abortion-policymakers-redoubleattacks-
bodily-autonomy
Friedan, B. (1963). The feminine mystique. Júcar.
Hernández García de Velazco, J. J., Velazco Hernández, J. C., & Blanco Valiente, S. (2022). Feminism and women’s political participation in Colombia: A retrospective of the twentieth century (1949-1991). Izquierdas, 51, 1-28. http://www.izquierdas.cl/images/pdf/2022/51/art67.pdf
Grosland, T. J. (2018). A woman’s worth: Valuing self, risk, and (re)vision. In S.A. Shelton, J.E. Flynn, & T.J. Grosland (Eds.) Feminism and intersectionality in academia: Women’s narratives and experiences in higher education (pp. 85-94) Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90590-7_8
Hooks, B. (1981). Ain’t I a woman: Black women and feminism. South End Press.
Jaramillo Sierra, I. C. (2022). Sex equality. In C. Hübner Mendes, R. Gargarella, & S. Guidi (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of constitutional law in Latin America (pp. 718-733). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198786900.013.50
Keller, E. F., Rocha, G. R., & Rocha, L. F. da S. (2022). Ciência e gênero, feminismo e história das ciências: Entrevista com Evelyn Fox Keller. História, Ciências, Saúde – Manguinhos, 29(3), 725-735. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-59702022000300008
Kohen, B. (2007). Gender in family justice in the city of Buenos Aires. Editorial Ad-Hoc/UBA.
Lorde, A. (1984). Sister outsider: Essays and speeches. Crossing Press.
Mackay, F. (2015). Radical feminism: Feminist activism in movement. Palgrave Macmillan.
Maffía, D. (2012, 2-3 de agosto). Hacia un lenguaje inclusivo. ¿Es posible? [conference]. Jornadas de Actualización Profesional sobre Traducción, Análisis del Discurso, Género y Lenguaje Inclusivo, Universidad de Belgrano, Buenos Aires, Argentina. http://dianamaffia.com.ar/archivos/Traducci%C3%B3n-y-lenguaje-inclusivo.pdf
Martin Fiorino, V.R., Arrieta-López, M., Ávila-Hernández, F. M., & Ramos Martínez, Y. (2022). The limits of the future: Technoscience, ethics, and governance of the commons. Fronteiras: Journal of Social, Technological and Environmental Science, 11(1), 333-344. https://doi.org/10.21664/2238-
8869.2022v11i1.p333-344
Mattos, P. (2022). Anticapitalist feminism: Articulating theory and practice. Revista Estudos Feministas, 30(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9584-2022V30N172837
Mazo, W.D.J. (2019). The catholic tradition, its influence in shaping the role of women in the traditional Colombian family and its relationship with partner violence within. Ratio Juris UNAULA, 14(28), 219-252. https://doi.org/10.24142/raju.v14n28a8
Mendes, K., Ringrose, J., & Keller, J. (2019). Digital feminist activism: Girls and women fight back against rape culture. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190697846.001.0001
Meza-Godoy, A., Arrieta-López, M., & Carrasquilla-Díaz, L. P. (2021). Analysis of parties, representatives, and limits of the officious intermeddler in extrajudicial conciliation in Colombia. Revista Republicana, 31, 191-209. https://doi.org/10.21017/Rev.Repub.2021.v31.a113
Millett, K. (1970). Sexual politics. Doubleday.
Noli, S., Arrieta, M., & Meza, A. (2018). Perspectives on the concertation of a bilateral integral agreement between China and Colombia. Revista Espacios, 39(42). http://www.revistaespacios.com/a18v39n42/18394224.html
Paulilo, M.I.S. (2022). The social class concept in peasant and popular feminism. Revista Estudos Feministas, 30(2). https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9584-2022V30N276934
Phillips, R., & Cree, V. E. (2014). What does the “fourth wave” mean for teaching feminism in twentyfirst-century social work? Social Work Education, 33(7), 930-943. https://doi.org/10.1080/02615479.2014.885007
Rousseau, J.J. (1980). Discourse on the origin and foundations of inequality among men. Alianza Editorial. (Original work published 1755)
Sánchez, M. (2016). Eve expelled from paradise: some reflections on woman’s exclusion in the construction of patriarchal order. Punto Cero, 21(32), 21-35. http://www.scielo.org.bo/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1815-02762016000100002&lng=es&tlng=es
Scott, J. W. (2012). Women and the rights of man: Feminism and suffrage in France, 1789-1944. Siglo XXI Editores.
Sommers, C.H. (2013). The war against boys: How misguided feminism is harming our young men.Simon & Schuster.
Sorzano Rodríguez, D. M., Galván Vela, E., Bonilla Ovallos, M. E., & Ravina-Ripoll, R. (2021). Bibliometric study of the theoretical construct “victim”: An approach based on the armed conflict in Colombia. Jurídicas CUC, 18(1), 109-134. https://doi.org/10.17981/juridcuc.18.1.2022.05
Stuart Mill, J. (1869). The subjection of women. https://www.amnistiacatalunya.org/edu/2/fem/fem-js.mill.html
Torrejano, R., & Bocanegra, H. (2022). Social characters as a key in the construction of collective identity: Middle Ages. Revista Republicana, (32), 69-92. http://ojs.urepublicana.edu.co/index.php/revistarepublicana/article/view/803
United Nations. (1948, December 10). Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Resolution 217 A [III]). https://undocs.org/en/A/RES/217(III)
United Nations Working Group on discrimination against women and girls. (2024). Escalating backlash against gender equality and urgency of reaffirming substantive equality and the human rights of women and girls (A/HRC/56/51). United Nations. https://docs.un.org/en/a/hrc/56/51
Wollstonecraft, M. (1792). A vindication of the rights of woman. http://jzb.com.es/resources/vindicacion_derechos_mujer_1792.pdf
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