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Baracaldo-Campo HA, Pizarro-Mena RA, Cadena-Sanabria MO, Serrano-Gómez SE. Análisis gerontológico de la dependencia funcional y el riesgo sociofamiliar en personas mayores en Bucaramanga, Colombia. Hacia Promoc. Salud [Internet]. 1 de septiembre de 2025 [citado 18 de abril de 2026];30(3):21-32. Disponible en: https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/hacialapromociondelasalud/article/view/11760
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Objetivo: Examinar los patrones e interconexiones entre la dependencia funcional y el riesgo sociofamiliar en personas mayores, e identificar patrones críticos de coocurrencia mediante análisis de redes, dentro de un enfoque gerontológico. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un análisis transversal utilizando datos del Estudio ARENA, con la participación de 196 personas mayores en Bucaramanga, Colombia. El estado funcional fue evaluado mediante los índices de Barthel y Lawton; el riesgo sociofamiliar se midió con la Escala de Valoración Sociofamiliar de Gijón. Las actividades básicas e instrumentales de la vida diaria con mayores tasas de dependencia se cruzaron con cinco dominios de riesgo social. Se construyó una matriz de coocurrencia y se visualizó con VOSviewer. Resultados: Se observaron limitaciones funcionales en el 59.69% de los participantes en actividades básicas de la vida diaria y en el 44.90% en actividades instrumentales de la vida diaria. El riesgo sociofamiliar estuvo presente en el 47.45%, especialmente en los dominios de dificultades económicas y escaso apoyo social. El análisis de red identificó tres clústeres funcionales-sociales, con el uso de escaleras, uso del teléfono y control de esfínteres como nodos centrales vinculados a múltiples riesgos sociales. Estas intersecciones sugieren que el deterioro funcional está inmerso en estructuras más amplias de vulnerabilidad social. Conclusión: La valoración funcional en personas mayores debe integrar los dominios socioambientales para evitar atenciones fragmentadas. El análisis de redes de coocurrencia ofrece una herramienta innovadora para identificar áreas críticas de intervención e informar enfoques complejos en gerontología y geriatría. Los hallazgos respaldan la integración de estrategias interdisciplinarias y contextualizadas para promover la autonomía y la dignidad en el envejecimiento.
Citas
1. Beyene MB, Visvanathan R, Amare AT. Intrinsic Capacity and Its Biological Basis: A Scoping Review. J Frailty Aging 2024;13:193–202. https://doi.org/10.14283/jfa.2024.30.
2. Jiang Y, Shi H, Kang Y, Shen J, Li J, Cui J, et al. Impact of age-friendly living environment and intrinsic capacity on functional ability in older adults: a cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatr 2023;23:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-023-04089-5.
3. Moreno-Agostino D, Prina M, Chua K, Jotheeswaran A, Sadana R, Officer A, et al. Measuring functional ability in healthy ageing: a nationwide cross-sectional survey in the Philippine older population. BMJ Open 2021;11:e050827. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050827.
4. Zhou Y, Ma L. Intrinsic Capacity in Older Adults: Recent Advances. Aging Dis 2022;13:353–9. https://doi.org/10.14336/AD.2021.0818.
5. Lahti A-M, Mikkola T, Tirkkonen A, Eriksson JG, von Bonsdorff M. Associations between social vulnerability and functioning in older age, and the moderating role of optimism and self-efficacy. Aging Clin Exp Res 2025;37:173. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03077-6.
6. Waris M, Upadhyay A, Chatterjee P, Chakrawarty A, Kumar P, Dey A. Establishment of Clinical Construct of Intrinsic Capacity in Older Adults and Its Prediction of Functional Decline. Clin Interv Aging 2022;17:1569–80. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S371793.
7. Koffer R, Lee S, Drewelies J. Experiential diversity theory of adult development and aging in daily life. Psychol Aging 2024;39:854–70. https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000858.
8. Rabelo D, Pinto J. Social support network, functional capacity and mental health in older adults. Psico-USF 2023;28:767–81.https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-82712023280409.
9. Naughton C, Galvin R, McCullagh R, Horgan F. Comprehensive geriatric assessment—where are we now, where do we need to be in the context of global ageing? Age Ageing 2023;52:1–3. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afad210.
10. Pizarro-Mena R, Rotarou E, Chavarro-Carvajal D, Wachholz P, López M, Perdomo-Delgado C, et al. Comprehensive Gerontological Assessment: An Update on the Concept and Its Evaluation Tools in Latin America and the Caribbean—A Literature Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2024;21:1697. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21121697.
11. Baracaldo-Campo H, Cadena-Sanabria M, Serrano-Gómez S. How our population is aging. Factors associated with the functional capacity of older adults in Bucaramanga-Colombia: The ARENA Study. MedUNAB 2024;26:464–73. https://doi.org/10.29375/01237047.4695.
12. Ho I, McGill K, Malden S, Wilson C, Pearce C, Kaner E, et al. Examining the social networks of older adults receiving informal or formal care: a systematic review. BMC Geriatr 2023;23:531. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-023-04190-9.
13. Baracaldo-Campo HA, Naranjo-Garcia A, Medina-Vargas V. Level of functional dependence of institutionalized older people in welfare centers of Floridablanca (Santander, Colombia). Gerokomos 2019;30:163–6.
14. Carmona-Torres J, Rodríguez-Borrego M, Laredo-Aguilera J, López-Soto P, Santacruz-Salas E, Cobo-Cuenca A. Disability for basic and instrumental activities of daily living in older individuals. PLoS One 2019;14:e0220157. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220157.
15. García-González J, Díaz-Palacios E, Salamea-García A, Cabrera-González D, Menéndez-Caicoya A, Fernández-Sánchez A, et al. An evaluation of the feasibility and validity of a scale of social assessment of the elderly. Aten Primaria 1999;23:434–40.
16. Quintero-González DC, Ocampo JM, Reyes-Ortiz CA. Factores asociados con la letalidad por neumonía en una unidad de atención del paciente geriátrico agudo: una cohorte retrospectiva. Biomédica 2020;40:734–48. https://doi.org/10.7705/biomedica.5244.
17. Lee C, Park Y, Cho B. Leveraging network analysis to determine sex differences in factors associated with frailty among older adults living alone. BMC Geriatr 2023;23:38. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-023-03755-y.
18. Gao Y, Du L, Cai J, Hu T. Effects of functional limitations and activities of daily living on the mortality of the older people: A cohort study in China. Front Public Health 2023;10:1098794. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1098794.
19. Jiao D, Watanabe K, Sawada Y, Matsumoto M, Ajmal A, Tanaka E, et al. Social Relationships and Onset of Functional Limitation among Older Adults with Chronic Conditions. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2023;23:13–21. https://doi.org/10.18295/squmj.5.2022.035.
20. Gómez F, Osorio-García D, Panesso L, Curcio C-L. Healthy aging determinants and disability among older adults: SABE Colombia. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública 2021;45:e98. https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2021.98.
21. Ballesteros-Rozo S. Factores individuales y colectivos asociados con la prevalencia de limitaciones funcionales del adulto mayor en Colombia. Análisis Multinivel. master’s degree. Universidad del Rosario, 2017.
22. Villarreal-Amarís G, Month-Arrieta E. Social and family, health care and functional conditions of elderly people over 65 year old in two neighborhoods of Sincelejo (Colombia). Salud Uninorte 2012;28:75–87.
23. Tamayo-Giraldo F, Baracaldo-Pinzón L, Valencia-Almonacid S, Ortega-Lenis D, Giraldo-Cárdenas M. Índice de envejecimiento activo en Colombia: análisis basado en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud, Bienestar y Envejecimiento (SABE Colombia 2015). Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública 2021;45:e69. https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2021.69.
24. Li J, Zhu L, Yang Y, Li Y, Fu P, Yuan H. Prevalence and potential influencing factors for social frailty among communitydwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Geriatr 2024;24:762. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-024-05365-8.
25. Wulff D, Hills T, Mata R. Structural differences in the semantic networks of younger and older adults. Sci Rep 2022;12:21459. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-11698-4.
26. Chen S, Wang T, Bao Z, Lou V. A Path Analysis of the Effect of Neighborhood Built Environment on Public Health of Older Adults: A Hong Kong Study. Front Public Health 2022;10:861836. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.861836.
27. Gripko M, Joseph A. The Role of the Built Environment in Supporting Older Adults’ Engagement: A Narrative Literature Review. HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal 2024;17:329–53. https://doi.org/10.1177/19375867241250320.
28. Wilson G, Gates J, Vijaykumar S, Morgan D. Understanding older adults’ use of social technology and the factors influencing use. Ageing Soc 2023;43:222–45. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X21000490.
29. Baracaldo-Campo H, Martínez-Contreras L. Contextos con perspectiva social en el envejecimiento. In: Pérez-Sanabria O, Flores-Cerqueda S, Quintero-Romero S, Alzate-Peralta L, editors. Enfoques transdisciplinarios sobre el envejecimiento y la agenda 2030: para el desarrollo sostenible en Iberoamérica, vol. Volumen II. Primera Edición, Guayaquil, Ecuador: Instituto Superior Universitario Bolivariano de Tecnología; 2022, p. 335–428.
30. Ostaszkiewicz J, Dickson-Swift V, Hutchinson A, Wagg A. A concept analysis of dignity-protective continence care for care dependent older people in long-term care settings. BMC Geriatr 2020;20:266. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01673-x.
31. Swan L, Warters A, O’Sullivan M. Socioeconomic Disadvantage is Associated with Probable Sarcopenia in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: Findings from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. J Frailty Aging 2022;11:398–406. https://doi.org/10.14283/jfa.2022.32.
32. Ho L, Malden S, McGill K, Shimonovich M, Frost H, Aujla N, et al. Complex interventions for improving independent living and quality of life amongst community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Age Ageing 2023;52:1–21. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afad132.
33. Metzelthin S, van Rossum E, de Witte L, Ambergen A, Hobma S, Sipers W, et al. Effectiveness of interdisciplinary primary care approach to reduce disability in community dwelling frail older people: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2013;347:f5264. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f5264.
34. Lindner-Rabl S, Singler K, Polidori M, Herzog C, Antoniadou E, Seinost G, et al. Effectiveness of multi-professional educational interventions to train Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA) – a Systematic Review. Int J Integr Care 2023;23:9-1–13. https://doi.org/10.5334/ijic.7549.
35. Lee K, Fields N, Cassidy J, Kusek V, Feinhals G, Calhoun M. Caring callers: the impact of the telephone reassurance program on homebound older adults during COVID-19. Home Health Care Serv Q 2021;40:247–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621424.2021.1997861.
36. Delara M, Murray L, Jafari B, Bahji A, Goodarzi Z, Kirkham J, et al. Prevalence and factors associated with polypharmacy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Geriatr 2022;22:601. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-022-03279-x.
2. Jiang Y, Shi H, Kang Y, Shen J, Li J, Cui J, et al. Impact of age-friendly living environment and intrinsic capacity on functional ability in older adults: a cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatr 2023;23:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-023-04089-5.
3. Moreno-Agostino D, Prina M, Chua K, Jotheeswaran A, Sadana R, Officer A, et al. Measuring functional ability in healthy ageing: a nationwide cross-sectional survey in the Philippine older population. BMJ Open 2021;11:e050827. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050827.
4. Zhou Y, Ma L. Intrinsic Capacity in Older Adults: Recent Advances. Aging Dis 2022;13:353–9. https://doi.org/10.14336/AD.2021.0818.
5. Lahti A-M, Mikkola T, Tirkkonen A, Eriksson JG, von Bonsdorff M. Associations between social vulnerability and functioning in older age, and the moderating role of optimism and self-efficacy. Aging Clin Exp Res 2025;37:173. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03077-6.
6. Waris M, Upadhyay A, Chatterjee P, Chakrawarty A, Kumar P, Dey A. Establishment of Clinical Construct of Intrinsic Capacity in Older Adults and Its Prediction of Functional Decline. Clin Interv Aging 2022;17:1569–80. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S371793.
7. Koffer R, Lee S, Drewelies J. Experiential diversity theory of adult development and aging in daily life. Psychol Aging 2024;39:854–70. https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000858.
8. Rabelo D, Pinto J. Social support network, functional capacity and mental health in older adults. Psico-USF 2023;28:767–81.https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-82712023280409.
9. Naughton C, Galvin R, McCullagh R, Horgan F. Comprehensive geriatric assessment—where are we now, where do we need to be in the context of global ageing? Age Ageing 2023;52:1–3. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afad210.
10. Pizarro-Mena R, Rotarou E, Chavarro-Carvajal D, Wachholz P, López M, Perdomo-Delgado C, et al. Comprehensive Gerontological Assessment: An Update on the Concept and Its Evaluation Tools in Latin America and the Caribbean—A Literature Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2024;21:1697. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21121697.
11. Baracaldo-Campo H, Cadena-Sanabria M, Serrano-Gómez S. How our population is aging. Factors associated with the functional capacity of older adults in Bucaramanga-Colombia: The ARENA Study. MedUNAB 2024;26:464–73. https://doi.org/10.29375/01237047.4695.
12. Ho I, McGill K, Malden S, Wilson C, Pearce C, Kaner E, et al. Examining the social networks of older adults receiving informal or formal care: a systematic review. BMC Geriatr 2023;23:531. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-023-04190-9.
13. Baracaldo-Campo HA, Naranjo-Garcia A, Medina-Vargas V. Level of functional dependence of institutionalized older people in welfare centers of Floridablanca (Santander, Colombia). Gerokomos 2019;30:163–6.
14. Carmona-Torres J, Rodríguez-Borrego M, Laredo-Aguilera J, López-Soto P, Santacruz-Salas E, Cobo-Cuenca A. Disability for basic and instrumental activities of daily living in older individuals. PLoS One 2019;14:e0220157. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220157.
15. García-González J, Díaz-Palacios E, Salamea-García A, Cabrera-González D, Menéndez-Caicoya A, Fernández-Sánchez A, et al. An evaluation of the feasibility and validity of a scale of social assessment of the elderly. Aten Primaria 1999;23:434–40.
16. Quintero-González DC, Ocampo JM, Reyes-Ortiz CA. Factores asociados con la letalidad por neumonía en una unidad de atención del paciente geriátrico agudo: una cohorte retrospectiva. Biomédica 2020;40:734–48. https://doi.org/10.7705/biomedica.5244.
17. Lee C, Park Y, Cho B. Leveraging network analysis to determine sex differences in factors associated with frailty among older adults living alone. BMC Geriatr 2023;23:38. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-023-03755-y.
18. Gao Y, Du L, Cai J, Hu T. Effects of functional limitations and activities of daily living on the mortality of the older people: A cohort study in China. Front Public Health 2023;10:1098794. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1098794.
19. Jiao D, Watanabe K, Sawada Y, Matsumoto M, Ajmal A, Tanaka E, et al. Social Relationships and Onset of Functional Limitation among Older Adults with Chronic Conditions. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2023;23:13–21. https://doi.org/10.18295/squmj.5.2022.035.
20. Gómez F, Osorio-García D, Panesso L, Curcio C-L. Healthy aging determinants and disability among older adults: SABE Colombia. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública 2021;45:e98. https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2021.98.
21. Ballesteros-Rozo S. Factores individuales y colectivos asociados con la prevalencia de limitaciones funcionales del adulto mayor en Colombia. Análisis Multinivel. master’s degree. Universidad del Rosario, 2017.
22. Villarreal-Amarís G, Month-Arrieta E. Social and family, health care and functional conditions of elderly people over 65 year old in two neighborhoods of Sincelejo (Colombia). Salud Uninorte 2012;28:75–87.
23. Tamayo-Giraldo F, Baracaldo-Pinzón L, Valencia-Almonacid S, Ortega-Lenis D, Giraldo-Cárdenas M. Índice de envejecimiento activo en Colombia: análisis basado en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud, Bienestar y Envejecimiento (SABE Colombia 2015). Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública 2021;45:e69. https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2021.69.
24. Li J, Zhu L, Yang Y, Li Y, Fu P, Yuan H. Prevalence and potential influencing factors for social frailty among communitydwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Geriatr 2024;24:762. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-024-05365-8.
25. Wulff D, Hills T, Mata R. Structural differences in the semantic networks of younger and older adults. Sci Rep 2022;12:21459. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-11698-4.
26. Chen S, Wang T, Bao Z, Lou V. A Path Analysis of the Effect of Neighborhood Built Environment on Public Health of Older Adults: A Hong Kong Study. Front Public Health 2022;10:861836. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.861836.
27. Gripko M, Joseph A. The Role of the Built Environment in Supporting Older Adults’ Engagement: A Narrative Literature Review. HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal 2024;17:329–53. https://doi.org/10.1177/19375867241250320.
28. Wilson G, Gates J, Vijaykumar S, Morgan D. Understanding older adults’ use of social technology and the factors influencing use. Ageing Soc 2023;43:222–45. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X21000490.
29. Baracaldo-Campo H, Martínez-Contreras L. Contextos con perspectiva social en el envejecimiento. In: Pérez-Sanabria O, Flores-Cerqueda S, Quintero-Romero S, Alzate-Peralta L, editors. Enfoques transdisciplinarios sobre el envejecimiento y la agenda 2030: para el desarrollo sostenible en Iberoamérica, vol. Volumen II. Primera Edición, Guayaquil, Ecuador: Instituto Superior Universitario Bolivariano de Tecnología; 2022, p. 335–428.
30. Ostaszkiewicz J, Dickson-Swift V, Hutchinson A, Wagg A. A concept analysis of dignity-protective continence care for care dependent older people in long-term care settings. BMC Geriatr 2020;20:266. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01673-x.
31. Swan L, Warters A, O’Sullivan M. Socioeconomic Disadvantage is Associated with Probable Sarcopenia in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: Findings from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. J Frailty Aging 2022;11:398–406. https://doi.org/10.14283/jfa.2022.32.
32. Ho L, Malden S, McGill K, Shimonovich M, Frost H, Aujla N, et al. Complex interventions for improving independent living and quality of life amongst community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Age Ageing 2023;52:1–21. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afad132.
33. Metzelthin S, van Rossum E, de Witte L, Ambergen A, Hobma S, Sipers W, et al. Effectiveness of interdisciplinary primary care approach to reduce disability in community dwelling frail older people: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2013;347:f5264. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f5264.
34. Lindner-Rabl S, Singler K, Polidori M, Herzog C, Antoniadou E, Seinost G, et al. Effectiveness of multi-professional educational interventions to train Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA) – a Systematic Review. Int J Integr Care 2023;23:9-1–13. https://doi.org/10.5334/ijic.7549.
35. Lee K, Fields N, Cassidy J, Kusek V, Feinhals G, Calhoun M. Caring callers: the impact of the telephone reassurance program on homebound older adults during COVID-19. Home Health Care Serv Q 2021;40:247–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621424.2021.1997861.
36. Delara M, Murray L, Jafari B, Bahji A, Goodarzi Z, Kirkham J, et al. Prevalence and factors associated with polypharmacy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Geriatr 2022;22:601. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-022-03279-x.
