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Medina-Quevedo P, Cervera-Vallejos MF, Martin del campo-Navarro AS, Guzmán-Ortiz E, Álvarez-Aguirre A. Exploring the Meanings of Marijuana Use in Adolescents: A Qualitative Meta-Synthesis. Hacia Promoc. Salud [Internet]. 2024 May 1 [cited 2025 Apr. 23];29(2):92-113. Available from: https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/hacialapromociondelasalud/article/view/10193
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Authors
Pablo Medina-Quevedo
Universidad de Guanajuato
Mirtha Flor Cervera-Vallejos
Universidad Santo Toribio de MogrovejoAlicia Sarahy Martin del campo-Navarro
Universidad de GuanajuatoElizabeth Guzmán-Ortiz
Universidad de GuanajuatoAlicia Álvarez-Aguirre
Universidad de GuanajuatoAbstract
Objectives: To identify and describe the evidence regarding the meanings adolescents attribute to marijuana use. Methodology: A qualitative meta-synthesis of the literature guided by the methodology proposed by Sandelowski and Barroso. Qualitative studies published between 2018 and 2023 in English, Spanish and Portuguese were included. The search was conducted through the Virtual Health Library (VHL), PubMed, and databases such as the Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America and the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal (Redalyc), Epistemonikos, EBSCOhost, Web of Science, ProQuest Health & Medical, and ScienceDirect. Results: Nine qualitative studies and one mixed-methods study were included, enabling the identification of four main themes that led to the interpretation of three meanings among adolescents: the meaning of recreational marijuana use, the meaning of medical marijuana use, and negative perceptions of marijuana. Conclusions: The evidence provides a detailed overview of the meanings adolescents attribute to marijuana use. These findings contribute to a better understanding of marijuana consumption among adolescents and inform intervention components that can be incorporated into future prevention programs tailored to each identified meaning.
References
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Waddell K, Wilson MG. Rapid synthesis: Examining the impact of decriminalizing or legalizing cannabis for recreational use. [Internet].Rapid Synthesis. ; 2017. Disponible en: https://bit.ly/3KWQgDa
Coley RL, Kruzik C, Ghiani M, Carey N, Hawkins SS, Baum CF. Recreational Marijuana Legalization and Adolescent Use of Marijuana, Tobacco, and Alcohol. J Adolesc Health. [Internet]. 2021; 69(1): 41-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.10.019
Leeds A, Hickey C, Stiles M. ¿Dónde es legal la marihuana en Estados Unidos y qué opina la gente al respecto?. [Internet] CNN. 2023. Disponible en: https://cnn.it/3UVZPXu
Hasin DS, Shmulewitz D, Sarvet AL. Time trends in US cannabis use and cannabis use disorders overall and by sociodemographic subgroups: a narrative review and new findings. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2019; 45(6): 623-643.https://doi.org/10.1080/00952990.2019.1569668
Nazif-Munoz JI, Oulhote Y, Ouimet MC. The association between legalization of cannabis use and traffic deaths in Uruguay. Addiction. 2020; 115(9): 1697-1706. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14994
Imtiaz S, Nigatu YT, Ali F, Douglas L, Hamilton HA, Rehm J, Rueda S, Schwartz RM, Wells S, Elton-Marshall T. Cannabis legalization and cannabis use, daily cannabis use and cannabis-related problems among adults in Ontario, Canada (2001-2019). Drug Alcohol Depend.[Internet]. 2023; 244(1): 109765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.109765
Agoff C, Fondevila G, Sandeberg S. Cultural stigmatization and police corruption: cannabis, gender, and legalization in Mexico. Drugs. [Internet]. 2022; 29(4). 373-81. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687637.2021.2004089
Ferreyra FG. Despenalización del uso personal de cannabis en América Latina: un aporte para su medición y análisis.e-l@tina. [Internet]. 2022;20(79): 1-25. https://www.redalyc.org/journal/4964/496469736007/496469736007.pdf
Aguilar S, Gutiérrez V, Sánchez L, Nougier M. Políticas y prácticas sobre cannabis medicinal en el mundo. [Internet]. Int Drug Policy Consortium. 2018. Disponible en: https://bit.ly/2kIJg4Z
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Smart R, Pacula RL. Early evidence of the impact of cannabis legalization on cannabis use, cannabis use disorder, and the use of other substances: Findings from state policy evaluations. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. [Internet]. 2019; 45(1):644-63. https://doi.org/10.1080/00952990.2019.1669626
Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito. Informe Mundial sobre Drogas 2021: los efectos de la pandemia aumentan los riesgos de las drogas, mientras los jóvenes subestiman los peligros del cannabis.[Internet]. Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito. 2021. https://bit.ly/3oAe9ZP
National Institute on Drug Abuse. Drug facts: Marijuana. 2019. https://nida.nih.gov/es/publicaciones/drugfacts/el-canabismarihuana
Clarke P, Dodge T, Stock ML. The Impact of Recreational Marijuana Legislation in Washington, DC on Marijuana Use
Cognitions. Subst Use Misuse. [Internet]. 2018; 53(13): 2165-2173. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2018.1461226
Scheyer AF, Laviolette SR, Pelissier AL, Manzoni OJJ. Cannabis in Adolescence: Lasting Cognitive Alterations and Underlying Mechanisms. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res. [Internet]. 2023; 8(1): 12-23. https://doi.org/10.1089/can.2022.0183
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Leung J, Chiu V, Chung JYC, Hall WD, Chan GCK. How many more young Australians say that they would use cannabis if it were legal?. Drug Alcohol [Internet]. 2020; 39(6): 768-772. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.13124
Jacobus J, Tapert SF. Effects of cannabis on the adolescent brain. Curr Pharm Des. [Internet] 2014; 20(13): 2186-2193.
https://doi.org/10.2174/13816128113199990426
Blumer H. Symbolic interactionism: Perspective and method. New Jersey: University of California Berkeley Press; 1986. https://bit.ly/3yH12rQ
Maher L, Dertadian G. Qualitative research. Addiction. [Internet]. 2018; 113(1): 167-172. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13931
Finfgeld DL. Metasynthesis: the state of the art-so far. Qual Health Res. [Internet]. 2003; 13(7): 893-904. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732303253462
Sandelowski M, Barroso J. Handbook for synthesizing qualitative research. New York: Springer Publishing Company.2007.
Peters MDJ, Godfrey C, McInerney P, Baldini-Soares C, Khalil H, Parker D. Chapter 11: Scoping Reviews. In: Aromataris E, Munn Z (Editors). Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewer’s Manual. The Joanna Briggs Institute; 2017. Disponible en: https://bit.ly/3a3GS1M
Descriptores en Ciencias de la Salud: DeCS. [Internet]. ed. 2017. Sao Paulo (SP): BIREME / OPS / OMS. 2017. Disponible en: http://decs.bvsalud.org/E/homepagee.htm
Cano A, González T, Cabello JB. Por CASPe. Plantilla para ayudarte a entender un estudio cualitativo. [Internet]. RedCASPE. 2010. Disponible en: https://redcaspe.org/plantilla_cualitativa.pdf
Ouzzani M, Hammady H, Fedorowicz Z, Elmagarmid A. Rayyan—a web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Systematic Reviews. [Internet]. 2016; 5(210): 2-10. http://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-0384-4
Islam S, Thompson K, Abadi M, Wharton K, Lipperman-Kreda S. “I don’t know whose mouth has been on this”: youth nicotine and cannabis vaping practices in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Public Health.[Internet]. 2022; 22(1): 1808. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14201-w
Davis DE, Bold KW, Kong G, Cavallo DA, Jackson A, Krishnan-Sarin S. Cannabis use among youth who vape nicotine E-cigarettes: A qualitative analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend. [Internet]. 2022; 234(1): 109413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
drugalcdep.2022.109413
Manu E, Douglas M, Ntsaba MJ. Theoretical understanding of contextual motivations for sustained adolescent marijuana use in South Africa. S Afr J Psychiatr. [Internet]. 2021; 27(0): 1615. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v27i0.1615
Harley D, Rose T, Goings TC, Canfield J. Photovoice as a tool for exploring perceptions of marijuana use among Appalachian adolescents. J Ethn Subst Abuse. [Internet]. 2021; 22(1): 133-153. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332640.2021.
1908922
Ananth P, Revette A, Reed‐Weston A, Das P, Wolfe J. Parent and patient perceptions of medical marijuana in the childhood cancer context. Pediatr Blood Cancer. [Internet]. 2021; 68(4): e28830. https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.28830
Stevens RC, Brawner BM, Kranzler E, Giorgi S, Lázaro E, Abera M, Huang S, Ungar L. Exploring substance use tweets of youth in the United States: Mixed methods study. JMIR Public Health Surveill. [Internet]. 2020; 6(1): e16191. https://
doi.org/10.2196/16191
Paul B, Thulien M, Knight R, Milloy MJ, Howard B, Nelson S, Fast D. “Something that actually works”: Cannabis use among young people in the context of street entrenchment. PLoS One. [Internet]. 2020; 15(7): e0236243. https://doi.
org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236243
James PD, Comiskey C, Smyth BP. “Debt on Me Head”: A Qualitative Study of the Experience of Teenage Cannabis Users in Treatment. J Addict Nurs. [Internet]. 2019; 30(3): 211-218. https://doi.org/10.1097/JAN.0000000000000301
Weitzman ER, Salimian PK, Rabinow L, Levy S. Perspectives on substance use among youth with chronic medical conditions and implications for clinical guidance and prevention: A qualitative study. PLoS One. [Internet]. 2019; 14(1): e0209963. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209963
Kazdouh HE, El-Ammari A, Bouftini S, Fakir SE, Achhab YE. Adolescents, parents and teachers’ perceptions of risk and protective factors of substance use in Moroccan adolescents: a qualitative study. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. [Internet].2018; 13(31): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13011-018-0169-y
Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Annals of internal medicine. [Internet]. 2009; 151(4): 264-269. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
Morse J, Johnson J. The illness experience: Dimensions of suffering. Newbury Park: Sage; 1991.
Cooper H, Camic PM, Long DL, Panter AT, Rindskopf D, Sher KJ. Metasynthesis of qualitative research. American Psychological Association. [Internet] 2012; 2: 19-36. https://doi.org/10.1037/13620-002
Windle SB, Socha P, Nazif-Munoz JI, Harper S, Nandi A. The Impact of Cannabis Decriminalization and Legalization on Road Safety Outcomes: A Systematic Review. Am J Prev Med. [Internet]. 2022; 63(6): 1037-1052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2022.07.012
González L, Londoño C. Factores personales, sociales, ambientales y culturales de riesgo de consumo de marihuana en adolescentes. Psicol Salud. [Internet].2017; 27(2): 141-53. https://bit.ly/4341y0x
Al-kassab-Córdova A, Cornejo-Venegas G, Gacharna-Madrigal N, Baquedano-Rojas C, De la Borda-Prazak G, Mejia CR.Factores asociados al consumo frecuente de marihuana en jóvenes antes de su ingreso a centros juveniles de diagnóstico y rehabilitación en Perú. Adicciones. [Internet]. 2023; 35(1): 9-20. https://bit.ly/3ZCmUzq
Villatoro JA, Bustos MN, Fregoso DA, Fleiz C, Gutiérrez ML, Amador NG, Medina-Mora ME. Contextual factors associated with marijuana use in school population. Salud Ment. [Internet]. 2017; 40(3): 93-102. https://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/sm/v40n3/0185-3325-sm-40-03-00093.pdf
Bridgeman MB, Abazia DT. Medicinal Cannabis: History, Pharmacology, And Implications for the Acute Care Setting. Pharmacy Therapeutics. [Internet]. 2017; 42(3): 180-88. https://bit.ly/40sXAME
Friese B. “Is Marijuana Even a Drug?” A Qualitative Study of How Teens View Marijuana Use and Why They Use It. J Psychoactive Drugs. [Internet]. 2017; 49(3): 209-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2017.1290854
Caulkins JP, Bao Y, Davenport S, Fahli I, Guo Y, Kinnard K, Najewicz M, Renaud L, Kilmer B. Big data on a big new market: Insights from Washington State’s legal cannabis market. Int J Drug Policy. [Internet]. 2018;57(1): 86-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.03.031
Hammond CJ, Chaney A, Hendrickson B, Sharma P. Cannabis use among U.S. adolescents in the era of marijuana
legalization: a review of changing use patterns, comorbidity, and health correlates. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2020; 32(3): 221-34. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2020.1713056
Waddell K, Wilson MG. Rapid synthesis: Examining the impact of decriminalizing or legalizing cannabis for recreational use. [Internet].Rapid Synthesis. ; 2017. Disponible en: https://bit.ly/3KWQgDa
Coley RL, Kruzik C, Ghiani M, Carey N, Hawkins SS, Baum CF. Recreational Marijuana Legalization and Adolescent Use of Marijuana, Tobacco, and Alcohol. J Adolesc Health. [Internet]. 2021; 69(1): 41-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.10.019
Leeds A, Hickey C, Stiles M. ¿Dónde es legal la marihuana en Estados Unidos y qué opina la gente al respecto?. [Internet] CNN. 2023. Disponible en: https://cnn.it/3UVZPXu
Hasin DS, Shmulewitz D, Sarvet AL. Time trends in US cannabis use and cannabis use disorders overall and by sociodemographic subgroups: a narrative review and new findings. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2019; 45(6): 623-643.https://doi.org/10.1080/00952990.2019.1569668
Nazif-Munoz JI, Oulhote Y, Ouimet MC. The association between legalization of cannabis use and traffic deaths in Uruguay. Addiction. 2020; 115(9): 1697-1706. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14994
Imtiaz S, Nigatu YT, Ali F, Douglas L, Hamilton HA, Rehm J, Rueda S, Schwartz RM, Wells S, Elton-Marshall T. Cannabis legalization and cannabis use, daily cannabis use and cannabis-related problems among adults in Ontario, Canada (2001-2019). Drug Alcohol Depend.[Internet]. 2023; 244(1): 109765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.109765
Agoff C, Fondevila G, Sandeberg S. Cultural stigmatization and police corruption: cannabis, gender, and legalization in Mexico. Drugs. [Internet]. 2022; 29(4). 373-81. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687637.2021.2004089
Ferreyra FG. Despenalización del uso personal de cannabis en América Latina: un aporte para su medición y análisis.e-l@tina. [Internet]. 2022;20(79): 1-25. https://www.redalyc.org/journal/4964/496469736007/496469736007.pdf
Aguilar S, Gutiérrez V, Sánchez L, Nougier M. Políticas y prácticas sobre cannabis medicinal en el mundo. [Internet]. Int Drug Policy Consortium. 2018. Disponible en: https://bit.ly/2kIJg4Z
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. UNODC World Drug Report 2022 highlights trends on cannabis postlegalization, environmental impacts of illicit drugs, and drug use among women and youth. [Internet]. United Nations. 2022. Disponible en: https://bit.ly/3HtdfFH
Smart R, Pacula RL. Early evidence of the impact of cannabis legalization on cannabis use, cannabis use disorder, and the use of other substances: Findings from state policy evaluations. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. [Internet]. 2019; 45(1):644-63. https://doi.org/10.1080/00952990.2019.1669626
Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito. Informe Mundial sobre Drogas 2021: los efectos de la pandemia aumentan los riesgos de las drogas, mientras los jóvenes subestiman los peligros del cannabis.[Internet]. Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito. 2021. https://bit.ly/3oAe9ZP
National Institute on Drug Abuse. Drug facts: Marijuana. 2019. https://nida.nih.gov/es/publicaciones/drugfacts/el-canabismarihuana
Clarke P, Dodge T, Stock ML. The Impact of Recreational Marijuana Legislation in Washington, DC on Marijuana Use
Cognitions. Subst Use Misuse. [Internet]. 2018; 53(13): 2165-2173. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2018.1461226
Scheyer AF, Laviolette SR, Pelissier AL, Manzoni OJJ. Cannabis in Adolescence: Lasting Cognitive Alterations and Underlying Mechanisms. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res. [Internet]. 2023; 8(1): 12-23. https://doi.org/10.1089/can.2022.0183
Martins SS, Levy NS, Bruzelius E, Segura LE. Cannabis legalization in the U.S. Where do we go from here? Trends in Psychiatry and Psychother. [Internet]. 2022; 44( 1): e20220001. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9490941/
Statistics Canada. National Cannabis Survey, second quarter 2019. [Internet]. Statistics Canada 2019. Disponible en:https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/190815/dq190815a-eng.htm
Leung J, Chiu V, Chung JYC, Hall WD, Chan GCK. How many more young Australians say that they would use cannabis if it were legal?. Drug Alcohol [Internet]. 2020; 39(6): 768-772. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.13124
Jacobus J, Tapert SF. Effects of cannabis on the adolescent brain. Curr Pharm Des. [Internet] 2014; 20(13): 2186-2193.
https://doi.org/10.2174/13816128113199990426
Blumer H. Symbolic interactionism: Perspective and method. New Jersey: University of California Berkeley Press; 1986. https://bit.ly/3yH12rQ
Maher L, Dertadian G. Qualitative research. Addiction. [Internet]. 2018; 113(1): 167-172. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13931
Finfgeld DL. Metasynthesis: the state of the art-so far. Qual Health Res. [Internet]. 2003; 13(7): 893-904. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732303253462
Sandelowski M, Barroso J. Handbook for synthesizing qualitative research. New York: Springer Publishing Company.2007.
Peters MDJ, Godfrey C, McInerney P, Baldini-Soares C, Khalil H, Parker D. Chapter 11: Scoping Reviews. In: Aromataris E, Munn Z (Editors). Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewer’s Manual. The Joanna Briggs Institute; 2017. Disponible en: https://bit.ly/3a3GS1M
Descriptores en Ciencias de la Salud: DeCS. [Internet]. ed. 2017. Sao Paulo (SP): BIREME / OPS / OMS. 2017. Disponible en: http://decs.bvsalud.org/E/homepagee.htm
Cano A, González T, Cabello JB. Por CASPe. Plantilla para ayudarte a entender un estudio cualitativo. [Internet]. RedCASPE. 2010. Disponible en: https://redcaspe.org/plantilla_cualitativa.pdf
Ouzzani M, Hammady H, Fedorowicz Z, Elmagarmid A. Rayyan—a web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Systematic Reviews. [Internet]. 2016; 5(210): 2-10. http://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-0384-4
Islam S, Thompson K, Abadi M, Wharton K, Lipperman-Kreda S. “I don’t know whose mouth has been on this”: youth nicotine and cannabis vaping practices in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Public Health.[Internet]. 2022; 22(1): 1808. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14201-w
Davis DE, Bold KW, Kong G, Cavallo DA, Jackson A, Krishnan-Sarin S. Cannabis use among youth who vape nicotine E-cigarettes: A qualitative analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend. [Internet]. 2022; 234(1): 109413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
drugalcdep.2022.109413
Manu E, Douglas M, Ntsaba MJ. Theoretical understanding of contextual motivations for sustained adolescent marijuana use in South Africa. S Afr J Psychiatr. [Internet]. 2021; 27(0): 1615. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v27i0.1615
Harley D, Rose T, Goings TC, Canfield J. Photovoice as a tool for exploring perceptions of marijuana use among Appalachian adolescents. J Ethn Subst Abuse. [Internet]. 2021; 22(1): 133-153. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332640.2021.
1908922
Ananth P, Revette A, Reed‐Weston A, Das P, Wolfe J. Parent and patient perceptions of medical marijuana in the childhood cancer context. Pediatr Blood Cancer. [Internet]. 2021; 68(4): e28830. https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.28830
Stevens RC, Brawner BM, Kranzler E, Giorgi S, Lázaro E, Abera M, Huang S, Ungar L. Exploring substance use tweets of youth in the United States: Mixed methods study. JMIR Public Health Surveill. [Internet]. 2020; 6(1): e16191. https://
doi.org/10.2196/16191
Paul B, Thulien M, Knight R, Milloy MJ, Howard B, Nelson S, Fast D. “Something that actually works”: Cannabis use among young people in the context of street entrenchment. PLoS One. [Internet]. 2020; 15(7): e0236243. https://doi.
org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236243
James PD, Comiskey C, Smyth BP. “Debt on Me Head”: A Qualitative Study of the Experience of Teenage Cannabis Users in Treatment. J Addict Nurs. [Internet]. 2019; 30(3): 211-218. https://doi.org/10.1097/JAN.0000000000000301
Weitzman ER, Salimian PK, Rabinow L, Levy S. Perspectives on substance use among youth with chronic medical conditions and implications for clinical guidance and prevention: A qualitative study. PLoS One. [Internet]. 2019; 14(1): e0209963. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209963
Kazdouh HE, El-Ammari A, Bouftini S, Fakir SE, Achhab YE. Adolescents, parents and teachers’ perceptions of risk and protective factors of substance use in Moroccan adolescents: a qualitative study. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. [Internet].2018; 13(31): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13011-018-0169-y
Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Annals of internal medicine. [Internet]. 2009; 151(4): 264-269. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
Morse J, Johnson J. The illness experience: Dimensions of suffering. Newbury Park: Sage; 1991.
Cooper H, Camic PM, Long DL, Panter AT, Rindskopf D, Sher KJ. Metasynthesis of qualitative research. American Psychological Association. [Internet] 2012; 2: 19-36. https://doi.org/10.1037/13620-002
Windle SB, Socha P, Nazif-Munoz JI, Harper S, Nandi A. The Impact of Cannabis Decriminalization and Legalization on Road Safety Outcomes: A Systematic Review. Am J Prev Med. [Internet]. 2022; 63(6): 1037-1052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2022.07.012
González L, Londoño C. Factores personales, sociales, ambientales y culturales de riesgo de consumo de marihuana en adolescentes. Psicol Salud. [Internet].2017; 27(2): 141-53. https://bit.ly/4341y0x
Al-kassab-Córdova A, Cornejo-Venegas G, Gacharna-Madrigal N, Baquedano-Rojas C, De la Borda-Prazak G, Mejia CR.Factores asociados al consumo frecuente de marihuana en jóvenes antes de su ingreso a centros juveniles de diagnóstico y rehabilitación en Perú. Adicciones. [Internet]. 2023; 35(1): 9-20. https://bit.ly/3ZCmUzq
Villatoro JA, Bustos MN, Fregoso DA, Fleiz C, Gutiérrez ML, Amador NG, Medina-Mora ME. Contextual factors associated with marijuana use in school population. Salud Ment. [Internet]. 2017; 40(3): 93-102. https://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/sm/v40n3/0185-3325-sm-40-03-00093.pdf
Bridgeman MB, Abazia DT. Medicinal Cannabis: History, Pharmacology, And Implications for the Acute Care Setting. Pharmacy Therapeutics. [Internet]. 2017; 42(3): 180-88. https://bit.ly/40sXAME
Friese B. “Is Marijuana Even a Drug?” A Qualitative Study of How Teens View Marijuana Use and Why They Use It. J Psychoactive Drugs. [Internet]. 2017; 49(3): 209-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2017.1290854
Caulkins JP, Bao Y, Davenport S, Fahli I, Guo Y, Kinnard K, Najewicz M, Renaud L, Kilmer B. Big data on a big new market: Insights from Washington State’s legal cannabis market. Int J Drug Policy. [Internet]. 2018;57(1): 86-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.03.031
Hammond CJ, Chaney A, Hendrickson B, Sharma P. Cannabis use among U.S. adolescents in the era of marijuana
legalization: a review of changing use patterns, comorbidity, and health correlates. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2020; 32(3): 221-34. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2020.1713056
