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Fecha Publicación: 2012-07-01
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Romero Acosta K, Domènech Llaberia E. La comorbilidad de síntomas ansiosos y depresivos en la niñez: ¿Un nuevo trastorno?. Hacia Promoc. Salud [Internet]. 1 de julio de 2012 [citado 23 de abril de 2024];17(2):169-81. Disponible en: https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/hacialapromociondelasalud/article/view/2040
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Objetivo: Examinar el fenómeno de la comorbilidad de síntomas de ansiedad y de depresión en niños. Metodología: Revisión de los artículos disponibles en la base de datos PsycINFO y en la base de datos de la Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona utilizando como palabras clave: síntomas de ansiedad, síntomas depresivos y comorbilidad. Resultados: Los síntomas de ansiedad y de depresión tienen una alta prevalencia en la infancia. Algunos niños y niñas, sin cumplir todos los criterios para diagnosticar un trastorno, presentan síntomas que alteran el funcionamiento escolar, social y/o familiar. Frecuentemente estos dos grupos de síntomas se encuentran comórbidos en un mismo individuo, produciendo dificultades en el proceso del tratamiento. Aproximadamente, desde hace veinte años, se han realizado estudios sobre el fenómeno de la comorbilidad entre trastornos psicológicos, tales como ansiedad y depresión. Los resultados de esos trabajos avalan la posibilidad de que exista un nuevo trastorno mixto ansiedad/ depresión con peores consecuencias para la salud. Este hecho abre nuevas directrices de investigación sobre el estudio de trastornos y síntomas en la infancia, las cuales ampliaremos en este trabajo.
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Diler R, Birmaher B, Brent D, Axelson D, Firinciogullari S, Chiapetta L et al. Phenomenology of Panic Disorder in Youth. Depression and Anxiety 2004; 20: 39-43.
Angold A, Costello EJ, Erkanli A. Comorbidity. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry 1999; 40(1): 57-87.
Bernstein G, Brochardt C, Perwien A. Anxiety disorders in Children and Adolescents: a review of the past 10 years. Journal of American academy of child and adolescent Psychiatry 1996; 35(9): 1110-1119. [Artículo especial].
Cabasés SS. Trastornos por ansiedad en la infancia y adolescencia. En: Ballesteros MC, coordinador. Práctica clínica paidopsiquiátrica: historia clínica, guías clínicas. Madrid: Adalia; 2006. p. 150-163.
Ruiz MJ, Gómez-Ferrer C. Trastornos depresivos en el niño y adolescente. En: Ballesteros MC, coordinador. Práctica clínica paidopsiquiátrica: historia clínica, guías clínicas. Madrid: Adalia; 2006. p. 203-209.
Axelson D, Birmaher B. Relation between anxiety and depressive disorders in childhood and adolescence. Depression and Anxiety 2001; 14: 67-78.
Silverman W, Ollendick T. Evidence-based assessment of anxiety and its disorders in children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 2005; 34(3): 380-411.
Romero K, Canals J, Hernández-Martínez C, Jané MC, Viñas F, Domènech-Llaberia E. Comorbilidad entre los factores del SCARED y la sintomatología depresiva en niños de 8-12 años. Psicothema 2010; 22: 613-618.
Taboada J, Ezpeleta A, de la Osa N. Trastornos por ansiedad en la infancia y adolescencia: Factores de Riesgo. Ansiedad y Estrés 1998; 4(1): 1-16.
Lapouse R, Monk MA. An epidemiological study of behaviour characteristics in children. American Journal of Public Health 1958; 48: 1134-1144.
Echeburúa E, Corral P. Trastornos de ansiedad en la infancia y adolescencia. Madrid: edición Pirámide; 2003.
Cartwright-Hatton S, McNicol K, Doubleday E. Anxiety in a neglected population: Prevalence of anxiety disorders in pre-adolescent children. Clinical Psychology Review, 26(7). Special issue: Anxiety of Childhood and adolescent: Challenges and opportunities 2006; 817-833.
Boyd CP, Kostanski M, Gullone E, Ollendick TH, Shek DT. Prevalence of anxiety and depression in australian adolescents: Comparisons with worldwide data. Journal of Genetic Psychology 2000; 161(4): 479-492.
Spielberger CD. Manual for the state-trait inventory for children. Palo Alto, C.A: Consulting Psychologists Press; 1973.
Reynolds C, Richmond B. Revised children’s manifest anxierty scale: Manual. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services; 1985.
March J, Parker J, Sullivan K, Stalling P, Conners C. The Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children: Factor structure, reliability, and validity. Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry 1997; 36: 554 -565.
Spence S. Structure of anxiety symptoms among children: A confirmatory factor-analytic study. Journal of abnormal psychology 1998; 106: 280-297.
Birmaher B, Brent D, Chiapetta L, Bridge J, Monga S, Baugher M. Psychometric properties of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED): A replication study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1999; 38(10): 1230-1236.
Birmaher B, Khetarpal S, Cully M. The Screen for child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED): Scale construction and psychometric characteristics. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1997; 36 (4): 545-553.
Descuret F. La médecine des passions, ou les passions considérées dans leurs rapports avec les maladies, les lois et la religion. 2ª Edición española, Barcelona, 1857. p. 382-387.
Spitz R. Anaclitic Depression. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child 1946; 2: 313-242.
American Psychiatric Association [APA]. DSM-IV-TR. Manual diagnóstico y estadístico de los trastornos mentales. Barcelona: Masson; 2002.
American Psychiatric Association [APA]. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th Ed. Washington: American Psychiatric Association; 1994.
Toros F, Bilgin G, Bugdayci R, Sasmaz T, Kurt O, Camdeviren H. Prevalence of Depression as Measured by the CBDI in a Predominantly Adolescent School Population in Turkey. European Psychiatry 2004; 19: 264-271.
Domènech E, Polaino-Lorente A. Epidemiología de la depresión infantil. Barcelona: Publicaciones médicas Espaxs; 1990.
Angold A. Childhood and adolescent depression. Epidemiological and aetiological aspects. British Journal of Psychiatry 1998; 152: 601-617.
Canals J, Doménech E, Pagés R, Ballart J, Henneberg M. Síntomas de depresión en la etapa puberal: primeros resultados de un estudio epidemiológico longitudinal. Actas Luso-Españolas de Neurología, Psiquiatría y Ciencias Afines 1991; 19(3): 155-161.
Ollendick T, Yule W. Depression in British and American children and its relation to anxiety and fear. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1990; 58: 126-129. Frigerio A, Pesenti S, Molteni M. Depressive symptoms as measured by the CDI in a population of northern Italian children. European Psychiatry 2001; 16(1): 33-37.
Almqvist F, Kumpulainen K, Ikäheimo K, Linna S, Henttonen I, Huikko E et. al. Behavioural and emotional symptoms in 8-9-yr-old children. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 1999; 8(4): 7-16.
Sorensen J, Nissan J, Mors O, Thomsen P. Age and gender difference in depressive symptomatology and comorbidity: an incident sample of psychiatrically admitted children. Journal of affective disorders 2005; 84: 85-91.
Bennett D, Ambrosini P, Kudes D, Metz C, Ravinovich, H. Gender difference in adolescent depression: do symptoms differ for boys and girls? Journal of Affective Disorders 2005; 89: 35-44.
Canals J, Marti-Henneberg C, Fernández-Ballart J, Doménech E. A longitudinal Study of Depression in an Urban Spanish Pubertal Population. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1995; 4(2): 102-111.
Klein DN, Doughert LR, Olino T. Toward guidelines for evidence-based assessment of depression in children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 2005; 34: 412-432.
Angold A, Costello EJ, Messer SC, Pickles A. Development of a short questionnaire for use in epidemiological studies of depression in children and adolescents. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research 1995; 5: 237-249.
American Psychiatric Association [APA]. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 3rd ed., revised ed. Washington: American Psychiatric Association; 1987.
Kovacs, M. The Children´s Depression Inventory: A self-rated depression scale for school-aged youngsters. University of Pittsburgh; 1983. Manuscrito no publicado.
Canals J, Domènech E. Síntomas de ansiedad en las depresiones puberales: primeros resultados de un estudio epidemiológico longitudinal. Revista de la Facultad de Psiquiatría de Barna 1990; 173-181.
Seligman L, Ollendick T. Comorbidity of Anxiety and depression in Children and Adolescents: An integrative Review. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review 1998; 1(2): 125-144.
Rutter, M. Isle of Wight Revisited: Twenty-Five Years of Child Psychiatric Epidemiology. Annual Progress in Child Psychiatry & Child Development 1990; 131-179.
Costello J, Mustillo S, Erkanli A, Keeler G, Angold A. Prevalence and Development of Psychiatric Disorder in Childhood and Adolescence. Archive General of Psychiatry 2003; 60: 837-844.
Angold A, Costello J. Depressive Comorbidity in Children and Adolescents: empirical, theoretical, and methodological issues. The American Journal of Psychiatry 1993; 150(12): 1779-1791.
Moreno, MA. Comorbilidad de los trastornos por ansiedad en niños y adolescentes. Tesis dirigida por: Lourdes Ezpeleta. Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona; 2000. Biblioteca de Comunició i Hemeroteca General. TUAB/5325.
Ryan ND, Puig-antich J, Ambrosini P, Rabinovich H, Robinson D, Nelson B et al. The clinical picture of Major Depression in children and adolescents. Archive General of Psychiatry 1987; 44: 854-861.
Last, CG, Perrins S, Hersen M, Kazdin AE. DSM-III-R anxiety disorders in children: sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Journal of American Academy Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1992; 31: 1070-1076.
Romero K. Sintomatología ansiosa y depresiva en niños de 4to de primaria. [tesina de máster dirigida por Edelmira Doménech-Llaberia y Fina Canals]. Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona; 2008. Biblioteca de Humanitats-Dipósit. TES/5100.
Polaino A, Canals J, Domènech-Llaberia E. Comorbilidad ansiedad-depresión en la infancia y en la adolescencia. Psicopatología 2002; 22(4): 235-255.
Sanford M, Szatmati P, Spinner M, Munroe-Blum H, Jamieson E, Walsh C et al. Predicting the one year course of adolescent major depression. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1995; 34: 1618-1628.
American Psychiatric Association [APA]. DSM-5 development. [internet]. 2011 Nov 3. Disponible en: http://www.dsm5.org/ProposedRevision/Pages/proposedrevision.aspx?rid=407
Fristad MA, Emery BL, Beck SJ. Use and abuse of the Children’s Depression Inventory. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1997; 65(4): 699-702.
Comer JS, Kendall PC. High-End specificity of the Children’s Depression Inventory in a sample of Anxiety-Disordered youth. Depression and Anxiety 2005; 22: 11-19.
Domènech-Llaberia E, Jané MC, Canals J, Ballespí S, Esparó G, Garralda E. Parental reports of somatic symptoms in preschool children: prevalence and associations in a Spanish Sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2004; 43(5):598-604.
Domènech-Llaberia E, Viñas F, Pla E, Jane M, Mitjavila M, Corbella T et al. Prevalence of major depression in preschool children. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2009; 18: 597-604.
Angold A, Costello EJ, Erkanli A. Comorbidity. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry 1999; 40(1): 57-87.
Bernstein G, Brochardt C, Perwien A. Anxiety disorders in Children and Adolescents: a review of the past 10 years. Journal of American academy of child and adolescent Psychiatry 1996; 35(9): 1110-1119. [Artículo especial].
Cabasés SS. Trastornos por ansiedad en la infancia y adolescencia. En: Ballesteros MC, coordinador. Práctica clínica paidopsiquiátrica: historia clínica, guías clínicas. Madrid: Adalia; 2006. p. 150-163.
Ruiz MJ, Gómez-Ferrer C. Trastornos depresivos en el niño y adolescente. En: Ballesteros MC, coordinador. Práctica clínica paidopsiquiátrica: historia clínica, guías clínicas. Madrid: Adalia; 2006. p. 203-209.
Axelson D, Birmaher B. Relation between anxiety and depressive disorders in childhood and adolescence. Depression and Anxiety 2001; 14: 67-78.
Silverman W, Ollendick T. Evidence-based assessment of anxiety and its disorders in children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 2005; 34(3): 380-411.
Romero K, Canals J, Hernández-Martínez C, Jané MC, Viñas F, Domènech-Llaberia E. Comorbilidad entre los factores del SCARED y la sintomatología depresiva en niños de 8-12 años. Psicothema 2010; 22: 613-618.
Taboada J, Ezpeleta A, de la Osa N. Trastornos por ansiedad en la infancia y adolescencia: Factores de Riesgo. Ansiedad y Estrés 1998; 4(1): 1-16.
Lapouse R, Monk MA. An epidemiological study of behaviour characteristics in children. American Journal of Public Health 1958; 48: 1134-1144.
Echeburúa E, Corral P. Trastornos de ansiedad en la infancia y adolescencia. Madrid: edición Pirámide; 2003.
Cartwright-Hatton S, McNicol K, Doubleday E. Anxiety in a neglected population: Prevalence of anxiety disorders in pre-adolescent children. Clinical Psychology Review, 26(7). Special issue: Anxiety of Childhood and adolescent: Challenges and opportunities 2006; 817-833.
Boyd CP, Kostanski M, Gullone E, Ollendick TH, Shek DT. Prevalence of anxiety and depression in australian adolescents: Comparisons with worldwide data. Journal of Genetic Psychology 2000; 161(4): 479-492.
Spielberger CD. Manual for the state-trait inventory for children. Palo Alto, C.A: Consulting Psychologists Press; 1973.
Reynolds C, Richmond B. Revised children’s manifest anxierty scale: Manual. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services; 1985.
March J, Parker J, Sullivan K, Stalling P, Conners C. The Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children: Factor structure, reliability, and validity. Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry 1997; 36: 554 -565.
Spence S. Structure of anxiety symptoms among children: A confirmatory factor-analytic study. Journal of abnormal psychology 1998; 106: 280-297.
Birmaher B, Brent D, Chiapetta L, Bridge J, Monga S, Baugher M. Psychometric properties of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED): A replication study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1999; 38(10): 1230-1236.
Birmaher B, Khetarpal S, Cully M. The Screen for child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED): Scale construction and psychometric characteristics. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1997; 36 (4): 545-553.
Descuret F. La médecine des passions, ou les passions considérées dans leurs rapports avec les maladies, les lois et la religion. 2ª Edición española, Barcelona, 1857. p. 382-387.
Spitz R. Anaclitic Depression. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child 1946; 2: 313-242.
American Psychiatric Association [APA]. DSM-IV-TR. Manual diagnóstico y estadístico de los trastornos mentales. Barcelona: Masson; 2002.
American Psychiatric Association [APA]. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th Ed. Washington: American Psychiatric Association; 1994.
Toros F, Bilgin G, Bugdayci R, Sasmaz T, Kurt O, Camdeviren H. Prevalence of Depression as Measured by the CBDI in a Predominantly Adolescent School Population in Turkey. European Psychiatry 2004; 19: 264-271.
Domènech E, Polaino-Lorente A. Epidemiología de la depresión infantil. Barcelona: Publicaciones médicas Espaxs; 1990.
Angold A. Childhood and adolescent depression. Epidemiological and aetiological aspects. British Journal of Psychiatry 1998; 152: 601-617.
Canals J, Doménech E, Pagés R, Ballart J, Henneberg M. Síntomas de depresión en la etapa puberal: primeros resultados de un estudio epidemiológico longitudinal. Actas Luso-Españolas de Neurología, Psiquiatría y Ciencias Afines 1991; 19(3): 155-161.
Ollendick T, Yule W. Depression in British and American children and its relation to anxiety and fear. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1990; 58: 126-129. Frigerio A, Pesenti S, Molteni M. Depressive symptoms as measured by the CDI in a population of northern Italian children. European Psychiatry 2001; 16(1): 33-37.
Almqvist F, Kumpulainen K, Ikäheimo K, Linna S, Henttonen I, Huikko E et. al. Behavioural and emotional symptoms in 8-9-yr-old children. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 1999; 8(4): 7-16.
Sorensen J, Nissan J, Mors O, Thomsen P. Age and gender difference in depressive symptomatology and comorbidity: an incident sample of psychiatrically admitted children. Journal of affective disorders 2005; 84: 85-91.
Bennett D, Ambrosini P, Kudes D, Metz C, Ravinovich, H. Gender difference in adolescent depression: do symptoms differ for boys and girls? Journal of Affective Disorders 2005; 89: 35-44.
Canals J, Marti-Henneberg C, Fernández-Ballart J, Doménech E. A longitudinal Study of Depression in an Urban Spanish Pubertal Population. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1995; 4(2): 102-111.
Klein DN, Doughert LR, Olino T. Toward guidelines for evidence-based assessment of depression in children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 2005; 34: 412-432.
Angold A, Costello EJ, Messer SC, Pickles A. Development of a short questionnaire for use in epidemiological studies of depression in children and adolescents. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research 1995; 5: 237-249.
American Psychiatric Association [APA]. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 3rd ed., revised ed. Washington: American Psychiatric Association; 1987.
Kovacs, M. The Children´s Depression Inventory: A self-rated depression scale for school-aged youngsters. University of Pittsburgh; 1983. Manuscrito no publicado.
Canals J, Domènech E. Síntomas de ansiedad en las depresiones puberales: primeros resultados de un estudio epidemiológico longitudinal. Revista de la Facultad de Psiquiatría de Barna 1990; 173-181.
Seligman L, Ollendick T. Comorbidity of Anxiety and depression in Children and Adolescents: An integrative Review. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review 1998; 1(2): 125-144.
Rutter, M. Isle of Wight Revisited: Twenty-Five Years of Child Psychiatric Epidemiology. Annual Progress in Child Psychiatry & Child Development 1990; 131-179.
Costello J, Mustillo S, Erkanli A, Keeler G, Angold A. Prevalence and Development of Psychiatric Disorder in Childhood and Adolescence. Archive General of Psychiatry 2003; 60: 837-844.
Angold A, Costello J. Depressive Comorbidity in Children and Adolescents: empirical, theoretical, and methodological issues. The American Journal of Psychiatry 1993; 150(12): 1779-1791.
Moreno, MA. Comorbilidad de los trastornos por ansiedad en niños y adolescentes. Tesis dirigida por: Lourdes Ezpeleta. Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona; 2000. Biblioteca de Comunició i Hemeroteca General. TUAB/5325.
Ryan ND, Puig-antich J, Ambrosini P, Rabinovich H, Robinson D, Nelson B et al. The clinical picture of Major Depression in children and adolescents. Archive General of Psychiatry 1987; 44: 854-861.
Last, CG, Perrins S, Hersen M, Kazdin AE. DSM-III-R anxiety disorders in children: sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Journal of American Academy Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1992; 31: 1070-1076.
Romero K. Sintomatología ansiosa y depresiva en niños de 4to de primaria. [tesina de máster dirigida por Edelmira Doménech-Llaberia y Fina Canals]. Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona; 2008. Biblioteca de Humanitats-Dipósit. TES/5100.
Polaino A, Canals J, Domènech-Llaberia E. Comorbilidad ansiedad-depresión en la infancia y en la adolescencia. Psicopatología 2002; 22(4): 235-255.
Sanford M, Szatmati P, Spinner M, Munroe-Blum H, Jamieson E, Walsh C et al. Predicting the one year course of adolescent major depression. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1995; 34: 1618-1628.
American Psychiatric Association [APA]. DSM-5 development. [internet]. 2011 Nov 3. Disponible en: http://www.dsm5.org/ProposedRevision/Pages/proposedrevision.aspx?rid=407
Fristad MA, Emery BL, Beck SJ. Use and abuse of the Children’s Depression Inventory. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1997; 65(4): 699-702.
Comer JS, Kendall PC. High-End specificity of the Children’s Depression Inventory in a sample of Anxiety-Disordered youth. Depression and Anxiety 2005; 22: 11-19.
Domènech-Llaberia E, Jané MC, Canals J, Ballespí S, Esparó G, Garralda E. Parental reports of somatic symptoms in preschool children: prevalence and associations in a Spanish Sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2004; 43(5):598-604.
Domènech-Llaberia E, Viñas F, Pla E, Jane M, Mitjavila M, Corbella T et al. Prevalence of major depression in preschool children. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2009; 18: 597-604.
