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De Moya Guerra, N. ., Martínez Hernández, N. J. ., & García, A. F. . (2021). Taxonomic diversity of harvestmen (Opiliones) of the western slope of Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Magdalena, Colombia. Boletín Científico. Centro De Museos, 25(2), 157–180. https://doi.org/10.17151/bccm.2021.25.2.10
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Authors
Natalia De Moya Guerra
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Neis José Martínez Hernández
Andrés F. García
Abstract
Objective: The variation of the taxonomic diversity and species of harvestmen (Opiliones) was evaluated in three locations at different altitudes on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (SNSM): La Secreta (LS) (tropical dry forest: 802 m), San Pedro (SP) (montane rain forest: 1450 m) and Hierba Buena (HB) (cloud forest: 2040 m). Methodology: In the wooded area of each station, four plots (200x20 m) were delimited adn in each one five points were marked where the capture of Opiliones was carried out with the techniques of pitfall traps, fallen leaves and manual capture at night with white light. Results: A total of 671 individuals were captured distributed in 24 RTU (recognizable taxonomic units) of which the most frequent was Phareicranaus sp. nov. 1 with 229 individuals. The greatest diversity of Opiliones was recorded in HB (14 species) and the highest abundance (N = 302) in LS, showing significant differences in both community attributes among the three localities. The specific dominance was notoriously different at each station and the sampling coverage values show that the techniques were efficient (<98% in all stations). Considering beta diversity, the highest dissimilarity value (0.818) was recorded between LS and HB, finding a strong species turnover (mean equal to 0.603) compared to nesting. Regarding taxonomic diversity, the highest value was reported for SP, showing that in supra-specific taxa the assumption of accumulation of species at intermediate altitudes is fulfilled. Conclusions: The differences in the indices Δ + and Λ + demonstrated significant changes in the taxonomic structure of Opiliones at a spatial scale in the western slope of the SNSM. In addition, the rich fauna of the area studied is specific to each sampling location due to the climatic conditions and the specific distribution range of each RTU.
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References
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Clarke, K. y Warwick, R.M. (1998). A taxonomic distinctness index and its statistical properties. J Appl Ecol., 35: 523–531.
Clarke, K. y Warwick, R.M. (2001). A further biodiversity index applicable to species list: variation in taxonomic distinctness. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 216, 265-278.
Coddington, J., Griswold, C., Silva, D., Peñaranda, E. y Larcher, S. (1991). Designing and testing sampling protocols to estimate biodiversity in tropical ecosystems. Critical issues in biodiversity, 2, 44-60.
Curtis, D. y Machado, G. (2007). Ecology. In: En Pinto-da-Rocha R., Machado G., Giribet G. (eds.). Harvestmen: The Biology of Opiliones (pp. 280–308). Harvard Univ. Press.
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De Armas, L. (2010). Nuevos arácnidos de Puerto Rico (Arachnida: Amblypygy, Araneae, Opiliones, Parasitiformes, Schizomida, Scorpiones). Boletín de la Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa, 47, 55-64. http://sea-entomologia.org/PDF/BSEA47ARACNO/B47055.pdf
Dixon, P. y McKinlay, G. (1989). Aphid predation by harvestmen in potato fields in Scotland. The Journal of Arachnology, 17, 254.
Ferreira, L. (2007). Diversidad de arañas orbitelares (Araneae: Orbiculariae) en tres formaciones vegetales de la Sierra Nevada deSanta Marta (Magdalena, Colombia) (Tesis de pregrado). Universidad del Magdalena, Santa Marta, Colombia.
Franco, T. (2017). Diversidad y distribución de escorpiones a lo largo de un gradiente altitudinal en la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia (Tesis de pregrado). Universidad del Magdalena, Santa Marta, Colombia.
Galvis, W. (2017). New species and records of lyssomanines (Araneae: Salticidae: Lyssomaninae) from the Caribbean and Pacific coasts of Colombia. Zoology and Ecology, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1080/21658005.2017.1304188
García, A. F. y Medrano, M. (2015). Orden Opiliones. En: Flórez E., Romero C., López D. (eds). Los artrópodos de la reserva Natural río Ñambí (pp. 111-126). Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
García-López, A., Micó, E., Múrria, C., Galante, E. y Vogler, A. P. (2013). Beta diversity at multiple hierarchical levels: explaining the high diversity of scarab beetles in tropical montane forests. Journal of Biogeography, 40, 2134–2145. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12148
Giribet, G. y Kury, A. B. (2007). Filogenia y Biogeografía. In: Pinto-da-Rocha R., Machado, G. (eds.). Harvestmen: the biology of the Opiliones (pp. 62–87). Harvard University Press.
Gnaspini, P. (1996). Population ecology of Goniosoma spelaeum, a cavernicolous harvestman from south-eastern Brazil (Arachnida: Opiliones: Gonyleptidae). J. Zool. Lond., 239, 417-435.
Gnaspini, P. y Hara, M. (2007). Mecanismos de defensa. En Pinto-da-Rocha R., Machado, G. & Giribet, G., (eds). Harvestmen, Biology of Opiliones (pp. 374-399). Harvard University Press.
Guerrero, R. y Sarmiento, C. (2010). Distribución altitudinal de hormigas (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) en la vertiente noroccidental de la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (Colombia). Acta Zoológica Mexicana, 26, 279-302. https://doi.org/10.21829/azm.2010.262699
Halffter, G., Moreno, C. y Pineda, E. (2001). Manual para evaluación de la biodiversidad en Reservas de la Biosfera. Manuales & Tesis, 2, 1-77.
Harrison, S., Ross, S. J. & Lawton, J. H. (1992). Beta diversity on geographic gradients in Britain. Journal of Animal Ecology, 61, 151-158. Hill, M. (1973). Diversity and Evenness: A Unifying Notation and Its Consequences. Ecology, 54, 427-432.
Jiménez-Valverde, A. y Hortal, J. (2003). Las curvas de acumulación de especies y la necesidad de evaluar la calidad de los inventarios biológicos. Revista Ibérica de Aracnología, 8, 151-161.
Jost, L. (2006). Entropy and diversity. Oikos, 113, 363-375. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2006.0030-1299.14714.x
Kury, A. B. (2003). Annotated catalogue of the Laniatores of the New World (Arachnida, Opiliones). Revista Ibérica de Aracnología, 31(1), 5-337. http://sea-entomologia.org/PDF/RIA1special.pdf
Kury, A. B. (2016). A classification of the penial microsetae of Gonyleptoidea (Opiliones: Laniatores). Zootaxa, 4179, 144–150. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4179.1.13
Kury, A. B. (2018). Familial nomina in harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones). Bionomina,13,1–27. https://www.biotaxa.org/ Bionomina/article/view/bionomina.13.1.1
Kury, A. B, García, A. F. y Medrano, M. A. (2019). A new genus of Kimulidae, being the first record of the family from Colombia (Opiliones, Grassatores). Comptes Rendus Biologies, 342(5-6), 236–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2019.07.003
Kury, A. B, Mendes, A. C, Cardoso, L, Kury, M. S. y Granado, A. A. (2020). WCO-Lite: online world catalogue of harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones). Version 1.0 — Checklist of all valid nomina in Opiliones with authors and dates of publication up to 2018. Self-published. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4025288
Kury, A. B. y Medrano, M. (2016). Review of terminology for the outline of dorsal scutum in Laniatores (Arachnida, Opiliones). Zootaxa, 4097(1), 130–134. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4097.1.9
Kury, A. B. y Pérez-G, A. (2002). A new family of Laniatores from Northwestern South America (Arachnida, Opiliones). Revista Ibérica de Aracnología, 6, 3-11.
Kury, A. B. y Pinto-da-Rocha, R. (2002). Opiliones. En: Adis, J. (ed.). Amazonian Arachnida and Myriapoda (pp. 245-362). PENSOFT Publishers.
Kury, A. B. y Villarreal, M. (2015). The prickly blade mapped: establishing homologies and a chaetotaxy for macrosetae of penis ventral plate in Gonyleptoidea (Arachnida, Opiliones, Laniatores). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 174, 1–46. https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12225
Lieberman, D., Liberman, M., Peralta, R. y Hartshorn, G. (1996). Tropical forest structure on a large-scale altitudinal gradient in Costa Rica. The Journal of Ecology, 84, 137-152.
Lomolino, M. (2001). Elevation gradients of species-density historical and prospective views. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 10(1), 3-13.
Martínez, N., García, H., Pulido, L., Ospino, D. y Narváez, J. (2009). Escarabajos Coprófagos (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae) de la Vertiente Noroccidental, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. Neotropical Entomology, 38, 708-715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-566X2009000600002
Martínez, L., Villarreal, E. y Martínez, N. (2017). A new species of the genus Parachemmis Chickering, 1937 from Colombia (Araneae, Corinnidae, Corinninae). ZooKeys, 679, 29-35. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.679.12421
McCain, C. (2005). Elevational gradients in diversity of small mammals. Ecology, 86, 366-372. https://spot.colorado.edu/~mccainc/PDFs/McCainECOLOGY2005.pdf
MacCoy, E. (1990). The distribution of insects along elevational gradients. Oikos, 58, 313-332. Machado, G., Raimundo, R. y Oliveira, P. (1999). Daily activity schedule, gregariousness, and defensive behaviour in the Neotropical harvestman Goniosoma longipes (Opiliones: Gonyleptidae). Journal of Natural History, 34, 587-596.
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