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Publication Date: 2013-07-01
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Garcés Restrepo, M. F., Giraldo, A., & Carr, J. L. (2013). Ecología poblacional y variación morfométrica de la tortuga de río chocoana (Rhinoclemmys nasuta) en dos localidades de la costa pacífica de Colombia. Boletín Científico. Centro De Museos, 17(2), 160–171. Retrieved from https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/boletincientifico/article/view/4496
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Abstract
The Chocoan River Turtle, Rhinoclemmys nasuta (Geoemydidae), is a species of great importance due to its limited geographical distribution and threat status. In Colombia it is considered in the category data deficient (DD) and globally as a near-threatened species (NT). In this study we assessed the population density, variation in the demographic structure and population size, and morphometric variation in two localities. One island population has no human disturbance and the other, mainland locality is human-influenced. Population density was 6.3 times greater in the insular locality, which corresponds with the absence of some predators and human disturbance at this location. Additionally, there was no significant difference between localities in demographic structure and size classes, which may reflect that there is no removal of individuals for consumption or use as pets in the mainland population. On the other hand, body size was smaller on the island, a phenomenon that may be explained by a tendency of species to dwarfism in insular environments, or an effect of increased intraspecific competition. To clarify whether differences in population density and body size are attributable to island effects or to the difference in the degree of human disturbance between the two populations it will be necessary to sample at other locations on the mainland with different degrees of human disturbance. However, it is important to stress the importance of Isla Palma as a site for regional conservation of R. nasuta.
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References
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ARESCO, M. & DOBIE, J., 2000. Variation in shell arching and sexual size dimorphism of river cooters, Pseudemys concinna from two river systems in Alabama. Journal of Herpetology, 34: 313-317.
BERNAL, M., DAZA, J.M. & PÁEZ, V.P., 2004. Ecología reproductiva y cacería de la tortuga Trachemys scripta (Testudinata: Emydidae), en el área de la Depresión Momposina, norte de Colombia. Revista de Biología Tropical, 52: 229-238.
BLACKBURN, T.M. & GASTON, K.J., 1997. A critical assessment of the form of the interspecific relationship between abundance and body size in animals. Journal of Animal Ecology, 66 (2): 233-249.
BOBACK, S.M., 2003. Body size evolution in snakes: evidence from island populations. COPEIA, : 81-94.
CAGLE, F.R., 1939. A system of marking turtles for future identification. COPEIA, 1939: 170-173.
CANTERA-K., J.R., NEIRA-O., R. & RICAURTE, C., 1998. Bioerosión en la Costa Pacífica Colombiana: Un estudio de la biodiversidad, la ecología y el impacto humano de los animales destructores de los acantilados rocosos. Fondo José Celestino Mutis, FEN, Bogotá.
CARR, J.L. & GIRALDO, A., 2009. Rhinoclemmys nasuta (Boulenger 1902), Large-Nosed Wood Turtle, Chocoan River Turtle: 034.1-034.6 (in) RHODIN, A.G.J., PRITCHARD, P.C.H., VAN DYKE, P.P., SAUMURE, R.A., BUHLMANN, K.A., IVERSON, J.B. & MITTERMEIER, R.A. (eds.) Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Chelonian Research Monographs.
CARR, J.L., GARCÉS, M.F., QUINTERO-ÁNGEL, A. & GIRALDO, A., 2010. Rhinoclemmys nasuta (Chocoan River Turtle). Diet and feeding behavior. Herpetological Review, 41(3): 347-348.
CASE, T.J., 1978. A general explanation for insular body size trends in terrestrial vertebrates. Ecology, 59: 1-18.
CASTAÑO, O.V., 2002. Libro rojo de reptiles de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales - Ministerio del Medio Ambiente - Conservación Internacional, Bogotá, Colombia.
CLEGG, S.M., DEGNAN, S.M., MORTZ, C., ESTOUP, A., KIKKAWA, J. & OWENS, I.P.F., 2002. Microevolution in island forms: the roles of drift and directional selection in morphological divergence of a passerine bird. Evolution, 56: 2090-2099.
CLOSE, L.M. & SEIGEL, R.A., 1997. Differences in body size among populations of Red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans) subjected to different levels of harvesting. Chelonian Conservation and Biology, 2: 563-566.
CONGDON, J.D., DUNHAM, A.E. & VAN LOBEN SELS, R.C., 1994. Demographics of common snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina): implications for conservation and management of long-lived organisms. American Zoologist, 34: 397-408.
CONNOR, E.F., COURTNEY, A.C. & YODER, J.M., 2000. Individuals-area relationships: the relationship between animal population density and area. Ecology, 81: 734-748.
CONVERSE, S.J., IVERSON, J.B. & SAVIDGE, J.A., 2005. Demographics of an ornate box turtle population experiencing minimal human-induced disturbances. Ecological Applications, 15: 2171-2179.
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EMLEN, J.T., 1979. Land bird densities on Baja California islands. Auk, 96: 152-167.
FACHÍN-TERÁN, A. & VOGT, R.C., 2004. Estrutura populacional, tamanho e razão sexual de Podocnemis unifilis (Testudines, Podocnemididae) no rio Guaporé (RO), norte do Brasil. Phyllomedusa, 3: 29-42.
GAMBLE, T. & SIMONS, A.M., 2004. Comparison of harvested and nonharvested painted turtle populations. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 32: 1269-1277.
GEORGE, T.L., 1987. Greater land bird densities on island vs. mainland: relation to nest predation level. Ecology, 68: 1393-1400.
GIBBONS, J.W., KEATON, G.H., SCHUBAUER, J.P., GREENE, J.L., BENNETT, D., MCAULIFFE, J. & SHARITZ, R.R., 1979. Unusual population size structure in freshwater turtles on barrier islands. Georgia Journal of Science, 37: 155-159.
GIBBONS, J.W., SCOTT, D.E., RYAN, T.J., BUHLMANN, K.A., TUBERVILLE, T.D., METTS, B.S., GREENE, J.L., MILLS, T., LEIDEN, Y., POPPY, S. & WINNE, C.T., 2000. The global decline of reptiles, déjà vu amphibians. BioScience, 50: 653-666.
GIRALDO, A., GARCÉS-RESTREPO, M.F., CARR, J.L. & LOAIZA, J., 2012. Tamaño y estructura poblacional de la tortuga sabaletera (Rhinoclemmys nasuta, Testudines: Geoemydidae) en un ambiente insular del Pacífico colombiano. Caldasia, 34 (1): 109-125.
HEPPELL, S., 1998. Application of life-history theory and population model analysis to turtle conservation. COPEIA, 1998: 367-375.
IUCN, 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. http://www.iucnredlist.org/ (Downloaded on 05 February 2011).
LANDA, A. & SKOGLAND, T., 1995. The relationship between population density and body size of wolverines in Scandinavia. Wildlife Biology, 1: 165-175.
LANGTIMM, C.A., DODD, C.K. & FRANZ, R., 1996. Estimates of abundance of box turtles (Terrapene carolina bauri) on a Florida island. Herpetologica, 52: 496-504.
LESCANO, J.N., BONINO, M.F. & LEYNAUD, G.C., 2008. Density, population structure and activity pattern of Hydromedusa tectifera (Testudines-Chelidae) in a mountain stream of Córdoba province, Argentina. Amphibia-Reptilia, 29: 505-512.
LOMOLINO, M.V., 2005. Body size evolution in insular vertebrates: generality of the island rule. Journal of Biogeography, 32: 1683-1699.
MACARTHUR, R.H., & WILSON, E.O., 1967. The Theory of Island Biogeography. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
MACARTHUR, R.H., DIAMOND, J.M. & KARR, J.R., 1972. Density compensation in island faunas. Ecology, 53: 330-342.
MARTINS, F.I. & SOUZA F.L., 2009. Demographic parameters of the Neotropical freshwater turtle Hydromedusa maximiliani (Chelidae). Herpetologica, 65:82–91.
MEDEM, F., 1962. La distribución geográfica y ecológica de los Crocodylia y Testudinata en el departamento del Chocó. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, 11 (44): 279-342.
MEDEM, F.,1976. Recomendaciones respecto a contar el escamado y tomar las dimensiones de nidos, huevos y ejemplares de los Crocodylia y Testudines. Lozanía, 20: 1-17.
MERCHÁN, M., 2003. Contribución al conocimiento de la biología de la Tortuga Negra (Rhinoclemmys funerea) y la Tortuga Roja (R. pulcherrima manni) en Costa Rica. Tesis de Doctorado, Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
MERCHÁN, M., COLL, M. & FOURNIER, R., 2005. Macromorfometría de juveniles de Geochelone sulcata (Testudines: Testudinidae) en Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 53 (1-2): 213-225.
MILAM, J.C. & MELVIN, S.M., 2001. Density, habitat use, movements, and conservation of spotted turtles (Clemmys guttata) in Massachusetts. Journal of Herpetology, 35 (3): 418-427.
MITCHELL, J.C. & KLEMENS, M.W., 2000. Primary and secondary effects of habitat alteration: 5-32 (in) KLEMENS, M.W. (ed.) Turtle Conservation. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
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NAVARRETE, S.A. & MENGE, B.A., 1997. The body size-population density relationship in tropical rocky intertidal communities. Journal of Animal Ecology, 66 (4): 557-566
NILSSON, S.G., 1977. Density compensation and competition among birds breeding on small islands in a South Swedish lake. Oikos, 28: 170-176.
NILSSON, S.G., BJORKMAN, C., FORSLUND, P. & HOGLUND, J., 1985. Egg predation in forest bird communities on islands and mainland. Oecologia, 66: 511-515.
PERES, C.A. & DOLMAN, P.M., 2000. Density compensation in neotropical primate communities: evidence from 56 hunted and nonhunted Amazonian forests of varying productivity. Oecologia, 122 (2): 175-189.
PERGAMS, O.R.W. & ASHLEY, M.V., 1999. Rapid morphological change in Channel Island deer mice. Evolution, 53: 1573-1581.
RAMO, C., 1982. Biología del galápago (Podocnemis vogli Muller, 1935) en el hato "El Frío" Llanos de Apure (Venezuela). Doñana, Acta Vertebrata, 9: 1-161.
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ROTH, V.L., 1993. Dwarfism and variability in the Santa Rosa Island mammoth (Mammuthus exilis): An interspecific comparison of limb-bone sizes and shapes in elephants: 433-442 (in) HOCHBERG, F.G. (ed.) Third California Islands Symposium. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History.
ROWE, J., 1997. Growth rate, body size, sexual dimorphism and morphometric variation in four populations of painted turtles (Chrysemys picta bellii) from Nebraska. American Midland Naturalist, 138 (1): 174-188.
RUEDA-ALMONACID, J.V., CARR, J.L., MITTERMEIER, R.A., RODRÍGUEZ-MAHECHA, J.V., MAST, R.B., VOGT, R.C., RHODIN, A.G.J., DE LA OSSA-VELÁSQUEZ, J., RUEDA, J.N. & MITTERMEIER, C.G., 2007. Las tortugas y los cocodrilianos de los países andinos del trópico. Conservación Internacional, Bogotá, Colombia.
SKOGLAND, T., 1983. The effect of density-dependent resource limitation on size of wild reindeer. Oecologia, 60: 156-168.
STATSOFT., 2004. Statistica, Version 7. Statsoft, Inc., Tulsa, OK.
VOGT, R.C., PLATT, S.G. & RAINWATER, T.R., 2009. Rhinoclemmys areolata (Duméril & Bibron 1851), Furrowed Wood Turtle, Black-bellied Turtle, Mojena: 022.1-022.7 (in) RHODIN, A.G.J., PRITCHARD, P.C.H., VAN DYKE, P.P., SAUMURE, R.A., BUHLMANN, K.A., IVERSON, J.B. & MITTERMEIER, R.A. (eds.) Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Chelonian Research Monographs.
WHITE, G.C. & BURNHAM, K.P., 1999. Program MARK: Survival estimation from populations of marked animals. Bird Study, 46: 120-138.
WILLIAMS, E.C., Jr. & PARKER, W.S., 1987. A long-term study of a box turtle (Terrapene carolina) population at Allee Memorial Woods, Indiana, with emphasis on survivorship. Herpetologica, 43: 328-335.
YASUKAWA, Y., OTA, H. & IVERSON, J.B., 1996. Geographic variation and sexual size dimorphism in Mauremys mutica (Cantor, 1842) (Reptilia: Bataguridae), with description of a new subspecies from the Southern Ryukus, Japan. Zoological Science, 13: 303-317.
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ALUNNO-BRUSCIA, M., PETRAITIS, P.S., BOURGET, E. & FRÉCHETTE, M., 2000. Body size-density relationship for Mytilus edulis in an experimental food-regulated situation. Oikos, 90 (1): 28-42.
ARESCO, M. & DOBIE, J., 2000. Variation in shell arching and sexual size dimorphism of river cooters, Pseudemys concinna from two river systems in Alabama. Journal of Herpetology, 34: 313-317.
BERNAL, M., DAZA, J.M. & PÁEZ, V.P., 2004. Ecología reproductiva y cacería de la tortuga Trachemys scripta (Testudinata: Emydidae), en el área de la Depresión Momposina, norte de Colombia. Revista de Biología Tropical, 52: 229-238.
BLACKBURN, T.M. & GASTON, K.J., 1997. A critical assessment of the form of the interspecific relationship between abundance and body size in animals. Journal of Animal Ecology, 66 (2): 233-249.
BOBACK, S.M., 2003. Body size evolution in snakes: evidence from island populations. COPEIA, : 81-94.
CAGLE, F.R., 1939. A system of marking turtles for future identification. COPEIA, 1939: 170-173.
CANTERA-K., J.R., NEIRA-O., R. & RICAURTE, C., 1998. Bioerosión en la Costa Pacífica Colombiana: Un estudio de la biodiversidad, la ecología y el impacto humano de los animales destructores de los acantilados rocosos. Fondo José Celestino Mutis, FEN, Bogotá.
CARR, J.L. & GIRALDO, A., 2009. Rhinoclemmys nasuta (Boulenger 1902), Large-Nosed Wood Turtle, Chocoan River Turtle: 034.1-034.6 (in) RHODIN, A.G.J., PRITCHARD, P.C.H., VAN DYKE, P.P., SAUMURE, R.A., BUHLMANN, K.A., IVERSON, J.B. & MITTERMEIER, R.A. (eds.) Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Chelonian Research Monographs.
CARR, J.L., GARCÉS, M.F., QUINTERO-ÁNGEL, A. & GIRALDO, A., 2010. Rhinoclemmys nasuta (Chocoan River Turtle). Diet and feeding behavior. Herpetological Review, 41(3): 347-348.
CASE, T.J., 1978. A general explanation for insular body size trends in terrestrial vertebrates. Ecology, 59: 1-18.
CASTAÑO, O.V., 2002. Libro rojo de reptiles de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales - Ministerio del Medio Ambiente - Conservación Internacional, Bogotá, Colombia.
CLEGG, S.M., DEGNAN, S.M., MORTZ, C., ESTOUP, A., KIKKAWA, J. & OWENS, I.P.F., 2002. Microevolution in island forms: the roles of drift and directional selection in morphological divergence of a passerine bird. Evolution, 56: 2090-2099.
CLOSE, L.M. & SEIGEL, R.A., 1997. Differences in body size among populations of Red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans) subjected to different levels of harvesting. Chelonian Conservation and Biology, 2: 563-566.
CONGDON, J.D., DUNHAM, A.E. & VAN LOBEN SELS, R.C., 1994. Demographics of common snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina): implications for conservation and management of long-lived organisms. American Zoologist, 34: 397-408.
CONNOR, E.F., COURTNEY, A.C. & YODER, J.M., 2000. Individuals-area relationships: the relationship between animal population density and area. Ecology, 81: 734-748.
CONVERSE, S.J., IVERSON, J.B. & SAVIDGE, J.A., 2005. Demographics of an ornate box turtle population experiencing minimal human-induced disturbances. Ecological Applications, 15: 2171-2179.
CORREDOR-LONDOÑO, G., AMOROCHO, D. & GALVIS-RIZO, C.A., 2006. Plan de Acción para la Conservación de las Tortugas Continentales y Marinas del Departamento del Valle de Cauca. Corporación Autónoma Regional del Valle del Cauca (CVC), Santiago de Cali, Colombia.
CORREDOR-LONDOÑO, G., KATTAN, G., GALVIZ, C.A. & MOROCHO, D., 2007. Tortugas del Valle del Cauca. Corporación Autónoma Regional del Valle del Cauca (CVC), Cali, Colombia. 74p.
EMLEN, J.T., 1979. Land bird densities on Baja California islands. Auk, 96: 152-167.
FACHÍN-TERÁN, A. & VOGT, R.C., 2004. Estrutura populacional, tamanho e razão sexual de Podocnemis unifilis (Testudines, Podocnemididae) no rio Guaporé (RO), norte do Brasil. Phyllomedusa, 3: 29-42.
GAMBLE, T. & SIMONS, A.M., 2004. Comparison of harvested and nonharvested painted turtle populations. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 32: 1269-1277.
GEORGE, T.L., 1987. Greater land bird densities on island vs. mainland: relation to nest predation level. Ecology, 68: 1393-1400.
GIBBONS, J.W., KEATON, G.H., SCHUBAUER, J.P., GREENE, J.L., BENNETT, D., MCAULIFFE, J. & SHARITZ, R.R., 1979. Unusual population size structure in freshwater turtles on barrier islands. Georgia Journal of Science, 37: 155-159.
GIBBONS, J.W., SCOTT, D.E., RYAN, T.J., BUHLMANN, K.A., TUBERVILLE, T.D., METTS, B.S., GREENE, J.L., MILLS, T., LEIDEN, Y., POPPY, S. & WINNE, C.T., 2000. The global decline of reptiles, déjà vu amphibians. BioScience, 50: 653-666.
GIRALDO, A., GARCÉS-RESTREPO, M.F., CARR, J.L. & LOAIZA, J., 2012. Tamaño y estructura poblacional de la tortuga sabaletera (Rhinoclemmys nasuta, Testudines: Geoemydidae) en un ambiente insular del Pacífico colombiano. Caldasia, 34 (1): 109-125.
HEPPELL, S., 1998. Application of life-history theory and population model analysis to turtle conservation. COPEIA, 1998: 367-375.
IUCN, 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. http://www.iucnredlist.org/ (Downloaded on 05 February 2011).
LANDA, A. & SKOGLAND, T., 1995. The relationship between population density and body size of wolverines in Scandinavia. Wildlife Biology, 1: 165-175.
LANGTIMM, C.A., DODD, C.K. & FRANZ, R., 1996. Estimates of abundance of box turtles (Terrapene carolina bauri) on a Florida island. Herpetologica, 52: 496-504.
LESCANO, J.N., BONINO, M.F. & LEYNAUD, G.C., 2008. Density, population structure and activity pattern of Hydromedusa tectifera (Testudines-Chelidae) in a mountain stream of Córdoba province, Argentina. Amphibia-Reptilia, 29: 505-512.
LOMOLINO, M.V., 2005. Body size evolution in insular vertebrates: generality of the island rule. Journal of Biogeography, 32: 1683-1699.
MACARTHUR, R.H., & WILSON, E.O., 1967. The Theory of Island Biogeography. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
MACARTHUR, R.H., DIAMOND, J.M. & KARR, J.R., 1972. Density compensation in island faunas. Ecology, 53: 330-342.
MARTINS, F.I. & SOUZA F.L., 2009. Demographic parameters of the Neotropical freshwater turtle Hydromedusa maximiliani (Chelidae). Herpetologica, 65:82–91.
MEDEM, F., 1962. La distribución geográfica y ecológica de los Crocodylia y Testudinata en el departamento del Chocó. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, 11 (44): 279-342.
MEDEM, F.,1976. Recomendaciones respecto a contar el escamado y tomar las dimensiones de nidos, huevos y ejemplares de los Crocodylia y Testudines. Lozanía, 20: 1-17.
MERCHÁN, M., 2003. Contribución al conocimiento de la biología de la Tortuga Negra (Rhinoclemmys funerea) y la Tortuga Roja (R. pulcherrima manni) en Costa Rica. Tesis de Doctorado, Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
MERCHÁN, M., COLL, M. & FOURNIER, R., 2005. Macromorfometría de juveniles de Geochelone sulcata (Testudines: Testudinidae) en Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 53 (1-2): 213-225.
MILAM, J.C. & MELVIN, S.M., 2001. Density, habitat use, movements, and conservation of spotted turtles (Clemmys guttata) in Massachusetts. Journal of Herpetology, 35 (3): 418-427.
MITCHELL, J.C. & KLEMENS, M.W., 2000. Primary and secondary effects of habitat alteration: 5-32 (in) KLEMENS, M.W. (ed.) Turtle Conservation. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
MITTERMEIER, R.A., CARR, J.L., SWINGLAND, I.R., WERNER, T.B. & MAST, R.B., 1992. Conservation of amphibians and reptiles: 59-80. (in) ADLER, K. (ed.), Herpetology; Current Research on the Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles.
NAVARRETE, S.A. & MENGE, B.A., 1997. The body size-population density relationship in tropical rocky intertidal communities. Journal of Animal Ecology, 66 (4): 557-566
NILSSON, S.G., 1977. Density compensation and competition among birds breeding on small islands in a South Swedish lake. Oikos, 28: 170-176.
NILSSON, S.G., BJORKMAN, C., FORSLUND, P. & HOGLUND, J., 1985. Egg predation in forest bird communities on islands and mainland. Oecologia, 66: 511-515.
PERES, C.A. & DOLMAN, P.M., 2000. Density compensation in neotropical primate communities: evidence from 56 hunted and nonhunted Amazonian forests of varying productivity. Oecologia, 122 (2): 175-189.
PERGAMS, O.R.W. & ASHLEY, M.V., 1999. Rapid morphological change in Channel Island deer mice. Evolution, 53: 1573-1581.
RAMO, C., 1982. Biología del galápago (Podocnemis vogli Muller, 1935) en el hato "El Frío" Llanos de Apure (Venezuela). Doñana, Acta Vertebrata, 9: 1-161.
RANGEL-CH., J.O. & ARELLANO-P., H., 2004. El Chocó Biogeográfico: Ambiente Físico: 39-82. (in) RANGEL-CH., J. (ed.) Colombia Diversidad Biótica IV El Choco Biogeográfico/Costa Pacífica. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Bogotá D.C., Colombia.
ROTH, V.L., 1993. Dwarfism and variability in the Santa Rosa Island mammoth (Mammuthus exilis): An interspecific comparison of limb-bone sizes and shapes in elephants: 433-442 (in) HOCHBERG, F.G. (ed.) Third California Islands Symposium. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History.
ROWE, J., 1997. Growth rate, body size, sexual dimorphism and morphometric variation in four populations of painted turtles (Chrysemys picta bellii) from Nebraska. American Midland Naturalist, 138 (1): 174-188.
RUEDA-ALMONACID, J.V., CARR, J.L., MITTERMEIER, R.A., RODRÍGUEZ-MAHECHA, J.V., MAST, R.B., VOGT, R.C., RHODIN, A.G.J., DE LA OSSA-VELÁSQUEZ, J., RUEDA, J.N. & MITTERMEIER, C.G., 2007. Las tortugas y los cocodrilianos de los países andinos del trópico. Conservación Internacional, Bogotá, Colombia.
SKOGLAND, T., 1983. The effect of density-dependent resource limitation on size of wild reindeer. Oecologia, 60: 156-168.
STATSOFT., 2004. Statistica, Version 7. Statsoft, Inc., Tulsa, OK.
VOGT, R.C., PLATT, S.G. & RAINWATER, T.R., 2009. Rhinoclemmys areolata (Duméril & Bibron 1851), Furrowed Wood Turtle, Black-bellied Turtle, Mojena: 022.1-022.7 (in) RHODIN, A.G.J., PRITCHARD, P.C.H., VAN DYKE, P.P., SAUMURE, R.A., BUHLMANN, K.A., IVERSON, J.B. & MITTERMEIER, R.A. (eds.) Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Chelonian Research Monographs.
WHITE, G.C. & BURNHAM, K.P., 1999. Program MARK: Survival estimation from populations of marked animals. Bird Study, 46: 120-138.
WILLIAMS, E.C., Jr. & PARKER, W.S., 1987. A long-term study of a box turtle (Terrapene carolina) population at Allee Memorial Woods, Indiana, with emphasis on survivorship. Herpetologica, 43: 328-335.
YASUKAWA, Y., OTA, H. & IVERSON, J.B., 1996. Geographic variation and sexual size dimorphism in Mauremys mutica (Cantor, 1842) (Reptilia: Bataguridae), with description of a new subspecies from the Southern Ryukus, Japan. Zoological Science, 13: 303-317.
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