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Publication Date: 2013-07-01
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Rojas Morales, J. A., & Escobar Lasso, S. . (2013). Notas sobre la historia natural de tres especies de ranas de cristal (Anura: Centrolenidae) de la Cordillera Central de Colombia. Boletín Científico. Centro De Museos, 17(2), 127–140. Retrieved from https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/boletincientifico/article/view/4493
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Abstract
Between October 2008 and December 2010, we carried out surveys in different creeks at north of the municipality of Manizales in the Colombian Central Cordillera, in order to make observations on the natural history of three glass frogs species (Centrolene quindianum, Nymphargus grandisonae and N. spilotus). Centrolene quindianum presents clutches with 33–35 eggs (N= 2) located on the Upper of leaves at heights between 40–200 cm above water; one male was observed close to three egg-masses (< 1 m of distance of them in the same perch), suggesting the possibility of parental care. The spider Patrera armata (Anyphaenidae) is reported as a predator of the embryos of this species. In N. grandisonae both calling and oviposition occurs in the upper surfaces of large leaves, especially Araceas and Heliconias. These breeding sites are guarded territories by males for periods of up to six months. Their egg-masses have an average of 74 eggs (N = 4), located at a height and a distance from the edge of creeks between 57–218 cm (X = 113.21 ± 45.73 cm, N = 14) and 0–35 cm (X = 15.8 ± 6.7 cm, N = 14), respectively; males stay close to egg masses as they continue calling to attract females. In addition, we report for first timefly larvae (Drosophylidae) as parasitoid agent foregg-masses of N.grandisonae. In N.spilotus, we report the finding of a male with a deformity in his right leg and a female that layed eggs without the presence of a mate male.
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References
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ALTIG, R. & MCDIARMID, R.W., 2007. Morphological diversity and evolution of egg and clutch structure in amphibians. Herpetological Monographs, 21: 1-32.
AYARZAGÜENA, J., 1992. Los Centrolenidos de la Guayana Venezolana. Publicaciones de la Asociación de Amigos de Doñana, 1: 1-48.
BAUTISTA, M.H., HERNÁNDEZ-CUADRADO, E.E. & BARRAGÁN, M.G., 2010. Centrolene prosoblepon (Glass Frog). Reproduction. Herpetological Review, 41: 61-62.
BOLÍVAR, W., GRANT, T. & OSORIO, L.A., 1999. Combat behaviour in Centrolene buckleyi and other centrolenid frogs. Alytes, 16: 77-83.
CADAVID, J.G., ROMAN-VALENCIA, C. & GÓMEZ, A.F., 2005. Composición y estructura de anfibios anuros en un transecto altitudinal de los Andes centrales de Colombia. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, 7: 103-118.
CARDOZO-URDANETA, A. & SEÑARIS, C., 2012. Vocalización y biología reproductiva de las ranas de cristal Hyalinobatrachium pallidum y Centrolene daidaleum (Anura, Centrolenidae) en la sierra de Perijá, Venezuela. Memoria de la Fundación La Salle de Ciencias Naturales 2012 174: 87-105.
CASTROVIEJO-FISHER, S., GUAYASAMIN, J.M., GONZALEZ-VOYER, A. & VILA, C., 2013. Neotropical diversification seen through glassfrogs. Journal of Biogeography 40: 1-15.
CENTRO NACIONAL DE INVESTIGACIÓN DE CAFÉ. FEDERACIÓN NACIONAL DE CAFETEROS DE COLOMBIA, CENICAFÉ., 2004. Anuario meteorológico cafetero. Cenicafé, Chinchiná, Colombia.
CISNEROS-HEREDIA, D.F. & MCDIARMID R.W., 2007. Revision of the characters of Centrolenidae (Amphibia: Anura: Athesphatanura), with comments on its taxonomy and the description of new taxa of glassfrogs. Zootaxa, 1572: 1-82.
CORPOCALDAS., 2002. Agenda para la gestión ambiental del municipio de Manizales. Subdirección de planeación y sistemas. Manizales, Colombia.
CRUZ-REYES, A. & CAMARGO-CAMARGO, B., 2001. Glosario de Términos en Parasitología y Ciencias Afines. Instituto de Biología, UNAM. México D.F, México.
DAUTEL, N., MALDONADO, A.L.S., ABUZA, R., IMBA, H., GRIFFIN, K. & GUAYASAMIN, J.M., 2011. Advertisement and combat calls of the glass frog Centrolene lynchi (Anura: Centrolenidae), with notes on combat and reproductive behaviors. Phyllomedusa, 10: 31-43.
DELIA, J., CISNEROS-HEREDIA, D.F., WHITNEY, J. & MURRIETA-GALINDO, R., 2010. Observations on the reproductive behavior of a Neotropical glassfrog, Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni (Anura: Centrolenidae). South American Journal of Herpetology, 5: 1-12.
DÍAZ-GUTIÉRREZ, N., VARGAS-SALINAS, F., RIVERA-CORREA, M., ROJAS-MORALES, J.A., ESCOBAR-LASSO, S., VELASCO, J.A., GUTIÉRREZ-CÁRDENAS, P.D.S. & AMÉZQUITA, A., 2013. Description of the previously unknown advertisement call and tadpole of the Colombian endemic glassfrog Centrolene savagei (Anura: Centrolenidae). Zootaxa 3686: 289-296.
DUELLMAN, W.E. & SAVITZKY, A.H., 1976. Aggressive behaviour in a centrolenid frog, with comments on territoriality in anurans. Herpetologica, 32: 401-404.
ESCOBAR-LASSO, S. & ROJAS-MORALES, J.A., 2012. Antipredatory behaviors of the Colombian endemic glassfrog Centrolene savagei (Anura: Centrolenidae). Boletín Científico Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad de Caldas, 16: 226-232.
GOSNER, K.L., 1960. A simplified table for staging anuran embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica, 16: 183-190.
GRANT, T., BOLIVAR-G, W. & CASTRO, F., 1998. The advertisement call of Centrolene geckoideum. Journal of Herpetology, 32: 452-455.
GREER, B.J. & WELLS, K.D., 1980. Territorial and reproductive behaviour of the Tropical American frog Centrolenella fleischmanni. Herpetologica, 36: 318-326.
GUAYASAMIN, J.M., BUSTAMANTE, M.R., ALMEIDA-REINOSO, D. & FUNK, W.C., 2006. Glass frogs (Centrolenidae) of Yanayacu Biological Station, Ecuador, with the description of a new species and comments on centrolenid systematic. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 147: 489-513.
GUAYASAMIN, J.M., CASTROVIEJO-FISHER, S., AYARZAGÜENA, J., TRUEB, L. & VILÁ, C. (2008). Phylogenetic relationships of glassfrogs (Centrolenidae) based on mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 48: 574-595.
GUAYASAMIN, J.M., CASTROVIEJO-FISHER, S., TRUEB, L., AYARZAGÜENA, J., RADA, M. & VILÁ, C., 2009. Phylogenetic systematics of glassfrogs (Amphibia: Centrolenidae) and their sister taxon Allophryne ruthveni. Zootaxa, 2100: 1-97.
HARTSHORM, G.S., 2002. Biogeografía de bosques neotropicales: 59-81 (in) GUARIGUATA, M.R. & KATTAN, G.H. (eds.) Ecología y conservación de bosques Neotropicales. Ediciones LUR, Cartago, Colombia.
HAYES, M.P., 1991. A study of clutch attendance in the Neotropical frog Centrolenella fleischmanni (Anura: Centrolenidae): Tesis Ph.D., University of Miami, Miami, Florida.
HEYER, W.R., 1985. Taxonomic and natural history notes on frogs of the genus Centrolenella (Amphibia: Centrolenidae) from southeastern Brazil and adjacent Argentina. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, 36: 1-21.
HOLDRIDGE, L.R., 1982. Ecología basada en zonas de vida. IICA, San José, Costa Rica.
HUTTER, C.R., ESCOBAR-LASSO, S., ROJAS-MORALES, J.A., Gutiérrez-Cárdenas, P.D.A., IMBA, H. & GUAYASAMIN, J.M., 2013. The territoriality, vocalizations and aggressive interactions of the red-spotted glassfrog, Nymphargus grandisonae, Cochran and Goin, 1970 (Anura: Centrolenidae). Journal of Natural History 47: 3011-3032.
JACOBSON, S.K., 1985. Reproductive behavior and male mating success in two species of glass frogs (Centrolenidae). Herpetologica, 41: 396-404.
LYNCH, J.D. & DUELLMAN, W.E., 1973. A review of the centrolenid frogs of Ecuador, with descriptions of new species. The University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Occasional Papers, 16: 1-66.
MCDIARMID, R.W. & ADLER, K., 1974. Notes on territorial and vocal behaviour of Neotropical frogs of the genus Centrolenella. Herpetologica, 30: 75-78.
MCDIARMID, R.W., 1975. Glass frog romance along a tropical stream. Terra, 13: 14-18.
MCDIARMID, R.W., 1978. Evolution of parental care in frogs: 127-147 (in) BURGHARDT, G.M. & BEKOFF, M. (eds.) The Development of Behavior: Comparative and Evolutionary Aspects. Garland STPM Press, New York.
METEYER, C.U., LOEFFLER, I.K., BURKHART, J.G., CONVERSE, K.A., GREEN, E., HELGEN, J.C., KERSTEN, S., LEVEY, R., EATON-POOLE, L. & FALLON, J.F., 2000. Hind limb malformations in free–living Northern leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) from Maine, Minnesota and Vermont suggest multiple etiologies. Teratology, 60: 151-171.
OSPINA-SARRIA, J.J., BOLÍVAR-G, W., MÉNDEZ-NARVÁEZ, J. & BURBANO-YANDI, C., 2011. The tadpole of Nymphargus grandisonae (Anura, Centrolenidae) from Valle del Cauca, Colombia. South American Journal of Herpetology, 6: 79-86.
RODRÍGUEZ, D., ARMENTERAS, D., MORALES, M. & MORENO, M., 2006. Ecosistemas de los andes colombianos. Segunda edición. Instituto de investigaciones de recursos biológicos "Alexander Von Humboldt", GEMA, Bogotá, Colombia.
ROJAS-MORALES, J.A., ESCOBAR-LASSO, S. & GUTIÉRREZ-CÁRDENAS, P.D.A., 2011. Contribución al conocimiento de los anfibios de la región centro-sur de caldas: primeros registros de Ranas de Cristal (Anura: Centrolenidae) para el municipio de Manizales, Colombia. Boletín Científico Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad de Caldas, 15: 75-83.
RUEDA-ALMONACID, J.V., 1994. Estudio anatómico y relaciones sistemáticas de Centrolene geckoideum (Salientia: Anura: Centrolenidae). Trianea, 5: 133-187.
RUEDA-ALMONACID, J.V., 2000. La herpetofauna de los "Bosques de Florencia" Caldas: una visión integrada sobre su composición, diversidad y relaciones ecológicas. Corporación Autónoma Regional de Caldas CORPOCALDAS, Santafé de Bogotá.
RUIZ-CARRANZA, P.M. & LYNCH, J.D., 1991. Ranas Centrolenidae de Colombia I: propuesta de una nueva clasificación genérica. Lozania, 57: 1-30.
RUIZ-CARRANZA, P.M. & LYNCH J.D., 1997. Ranas Centrolenidae de Colombia X: los centrolénidos de un perfil del flanco oriental de la Cordillera Central en el Departamento de Caldas. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, 21: 541-553.
RUIZ-CARRANZA, P.M. & LYNCH, J.D., 1998. Ranas Centrolenidae de Colombia XI. Nuevas especies de ranas cristal del género Hyalinobatrachium. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, 22: 571-586.
TAYLOR, E.H., 1951. Two new genera and a new family of tropical American frogs. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 64: 33-40.
VALENCIA-AGUILAR, A., CASTRO-HERRERA, F. & RAMÍREZ-PINILLA, M.P., 2012. Microhabitats for Oviposition and Male Clutch Attendance in Hyalinobatrachium aureoguttatum (Anura: Centrolenidae). Copeia 4: 722-731.
VARGAS-SALINAS, F., LÓPEZ-A, F.A. & MUÑOZ-G, J.N., 2007. Cochranella savagei. Reproduction. Herpetological Review, 38: 436-437.
VILLA, J., 1977. A symbiotic relationship between frog (Amphibia, Anura, Centrolenidae) and fly larvae (Drosophilidae). Journal of Herpetology, 11: 317-322.
VILLA, J., 1984. Biology of a Neotropical glass frog, Centrolenella fleischmanni (Boettger), with special references to its frogfly associates. Milwaukee Public Museum Contributions in Biology and Geology, 21: 1-17.
VOCKENHUBER, E.A., HÖDL, W. & KARPFEN, U., 2008. Reproductive behaviour of the glass frog Hyalinobatrachium valerioi (Anura: Centrolenidae) at the tropical stream Quebrada Negra (La Gamba, Costa Rica). Stapfia, 88: 335-348.
VOCKENHUBER, E.A., HÖDL, W. & AMÉZQUITA, A., 2009. Glassy fathers do matter: egg attendance enhances embryonic survivorship in the glass frog Hyalinobatrachium valerioi. Journal of Herpetology, 43: 340-344.
WELLS, K.D. & SCHWARTZ, J.J., 1982. The effect of vegetation on the propagation of calls in the Neotropical frog Centrolenella fleischmanni. Herpetologica, 38: 449-455.
WILD, E. & LYNCH, J., 2004. Nymphargus spilotus. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.Version 2010.4. http://www.iucnredlist.org. Accesed on 01 September 2011.
ALTIG, R. & MCDIARMID, R.W., 2007. Morphological diversity and evolution of egg and clutch structure in amphibians. Herpetological Monographs, 21: 1-32.
AYARZAGÜENA, J., 1992. Los Centrolenidos de la Guayana Venezolana. Publicaciones de la Asociación de Amigos de Doñana, 1: 1-48.
BAUTISTA, M.H., HERNÁNDEZ-CUADRADO, E.E. & BARRAGÁN, M.G., 2010. Centrolene prosoblepon (Glass Frog). Reproduction. Herpetological Review, 41: 61-62.
BOLÍVAR, W., GRANT, T. & OSORIO, L.A., 1999. Combat behaviour in Centrolene buckleyi and other centrolenid frogs. Alytes, 16: 77-83.
CADAVID, J.G., ROMAN-VALENCIA, C. & GÓMEZ, A.F., 2005. Composición y estructura de anfibios anuros en un transecto altitudinal de los Andes centrales de Colombia. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, 7: 103-118.
CARDOZO-URDANETA, A. & SEÑARIS, C., 2012. Vocalización y biología reproductiva de las ranas de cristal Hyalinobatrachium pallidum y Centrolene daidaleum (Anura, Centrolenidae) en la sierra de Perijá, Venezuela. Memoria de la Fundación La Salle de Ciencias Naturales 2012 174: 87-105.
CASTROVIEJO-FISHER, S., GUAYASAMIN, J.M., GONZALEZ-VOYER, A. & VILA, C., 2013. Neotropical diversification seen through glassfrogs. Journal of Biogeography 40: 1-15.
CENTRO NACIONAL DE INVESTIGACIÓN DE CAFÉ. FEDERACIÓN NACIONAL DE CAFETEROS DE COLOMBIA, CENICAFÉ., 2004. Anuario meteorológico cafetero. Cenicafé, Chinchiná, Colombia.
CISNEROS-HEREDIA, D.F. & MCDIARMID R.W., 2007. Revision of the characters of Centrolenidae (Amphibia: Anura: Athesphatanura), with comments on its taxonomy and the description of new taxa of glassfrogs. Zootaxa, 1572: 1-82.
CORPOCALDAS., 2002. Agenda para la gestión ambiental del municipio de Manizales. Subdirección de planeación y sistemas. Manizales, Colombia.
CRUZ-REYES, A. & CAMARGO-CAMARGO, B., 2001. Glosario de Términos en Parasitología y Ciencias Afines. Instituto de Biología, UNAM. México D.F, México.
DAUTEL, N., MALDONADO, A.L.S., ABUZA, R., IMBA, H., GRIFFIN, K. & GUAYASAMIN, J.M., 2011. Advertisement and combat calls of the glass frog Centrolene lynchi (Anura: Centrolenidae), with notes on combat and reproductive behaviors. Phyllomedusa, 10: 31-43.
DELIA, J., CISNEROS-HEREDIA, D.F., WHITNEY, J. & MURRIETA-GALINDO, R., 2010. Observations on the reproductive behavior of a Neotropical glassfrog, Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni (Anura: Centrolenidae). South American Journal of Herpetology, 5: 1-12.
DÍAZ-GUTIÉRREZ, N., VARGAS-SALINAS, F., RIVERA-CORREA, M., ROJAS-MORALES, J.A., ESCOBAR-LASSO, S., VELASCO, J.A., GUTIÉRREZ-CÁRDENAS, P.D.S. & AMÉZQUITA, A., 2013. Description of the previously unknown advertisement call and tadpole of the Colombian endemic glassfrog Centrolene savagei (Anura: Centrolenidae). Zootaxa 3686: 289-296.
DUELLMAN, W.E. & SAVITZKY, A.H., 1976. Aggressive behaviour in a centrolenid frog, with comments on territoriality in anurans. Herpetologica, 32: 401-404.
ESCOBAR-LASSO, S. & ROJAS-MORALES, J.A., 2012. Antipredatory behaviors of the Colombian endemic glassfrog Centrolene savagei (Anura: Centrolenidae). Boletín Científico Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad de Caldas, 16: 226-232.
GOSNER, K.L., 1960. A simplified table for staging anuran embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica, 16: 183-190.
GRANT, T., BOLIVAR-G, W. & CASTRO, F., 1998. The advertisement call of Centrolene geckoideum. Journal of Herpetology, 32: 452-455.
GREER, B.J. & WELLS, K.D., 1980. Territorial and reproductive behaviour of the Tropical American frog Centrolenella fleischmanni. Herpetologica, 36: 318-326.
GUAYASAMIN, J.M., BUSTAMANTE, M.R., ALMEIDA-REINOSO, D. & FUNK, W.C., 2006. Glass frogs (Centrolenidae) of Yanayacu Biological Station, Ecuador, with the description of a new species and comments on centrolenid systematic. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 147: 489-513.
GUAYASAMIN, J.M., CASTROVIEJO-FISHER, S., AYARZAGÜENA, J., TRUEB, L. & VILÁ, C. (2008). Phylogenetic relationships of glassfrogs (Centrolenidae) based on mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 48: 574-595.
GUAYASAMIN, J.M., CASTROVIEJO-FISHER, S., TRUEB, L., AYARZAGÜENA, J., RADA, M. & VILÁ, C., 2009. Phylogenetic systematics of glassfrogs (Amphibia: Centrolenidae) and their sister taxon Allophryne ruthveni. Zootaxa, 2100: 1-97.
HARTSHORM, G.S., 2002. Biogeografía de bosques neotropicales: 59-81 (in) GUARIGUATA, M.R. & KATTAN, G.H. (eds.) Ecología y conservación de bosques Neotropicales. Ediciones LUR, Cartago, Colombia.
HAYES, M.P., 1991. A study of clutch attendance in the Neotropical frog Centrolenella fleischmanni (Anura: Centrolenidae): Tesis Ph.D., University of Miami, Miami, Florida.
HEYER, W.R., 1985. Taxonomic and natural history notes on frogs of the genus Centrolenella (Amphibia: Centrolenidae) from southeastern Brazil and adjacent Argentina. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, 36: 1-21.
HOLDRIDGE, L.R., 1982. Ecología basada en zonas de vida. IICA, San José, Costa Rica.
HUTTER, C.R., ESCOBAR-LASSO, S., ROJAS-MORALES, J.A., Gutiérrez-Cárdenas, P.D.A., IMBA, H. & GUAYASAMIN, J.M., 2013. The territoriality, vocalizations and aggressive interactions of the red-spotted glassfrog, Nymphargus grandisonae, Cochran and Goin, 1970 (Anura: Centrolenidae). Journal of Natural History 47: 3011-3032.
JACOBSON, S.K., 1985. Reproductive behavior and male mating success in two species of glass frogs (Centrolenidae). Herpetologica, 41: 396-404.
LYNCH, J.D. & DUELLMAN, W.E., 1973. A review of the centrolenid frogs of Ecuador, with descriptions of new species. The University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Occasional Papers, 16: 1-66.
MCDIARMID, R.W. & ADLER, K., 1974. Notes on territorial and vocal behaviour of Neotropical frogs of the genus Centrolenella. Herpetologica, 30: 75-78.
MCDIARMID, R.W., 1975. Glass frog romance along a tropical stream. Terra, 13: 14-18.
MCDIARMID, R.W., 1978. Evolution of parental care in frogs: 127-147 (in) BURGHARDT, G.M. & BEKOFF, M. (eds.) The Development of Behavior: Comparative and Evolutionary Aspects. Garland STPM Press, New York.
METEYER, C.U., LOEFFLER, I.K., BURKHART, J.G., CONVERSE, K.A., GREEN, E., HELGEN, J.C., KERSTEN, S., LEVEY, R., EATON-POOLE, L. & FALLON, J.F., 2000. Hind limb malformations in free–living Northern leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) from Maine, Minnesota and Vermont suggest multiple etiologies. Teratology, 60: 151-171.
OSPINA-SARRIA, J.J., BOLÍVAR-G, W., MÉNDEZ-NARVÁEZ, J. & BURBANO-YANDI, C., 2011. The tadpole of Nymphargus grandisonae (Anura, Centrolenidae) from Valle del Cauca, Colombia. South American Journal of Herpetology, 6: 79-86.
RODRÍGUEZ, D., ARMENTERAS, D., MORALES, M. & MORENO, M., 2006. Ecosistemas de los andes colombianos. Segunda edición. Instituto de investigaciones de recursos biológicos "Alexander Von Humboldt", GEMA, Bogotá, Colombia.
ROJAS-MORALES, J.A., ESCOBAR-LASSO, S. & GUTIÉRREZ-CÁRDENAS, P.D.A., 2011. Contribución al conocimiento de los anfibios de la región centro-sur de caldas: primeros registros de Ranas de Cristal (Anura: Centrolenidae) para el municipio de Manizales, Colombia. Boletín Científico Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad de Caldas, 15: 75-83.
RUEDA-ALMONACID, J.V., 1994. Estudio anatómico y relaciones sistemáticas de Centrolene geckoideum (Salientia: Anura: Centrolenidae). Trianea, 5: 133-187.
RUEDA-ALMONACID, J.V., 2000. La herpetofauna de los "Bosques de Florencia" Caldas: una visión integrada sobre su composición, diversidad y relaciones ecológicas. Corporación Autónoma Regional de Caldas CORPOCALDAS, Santafé de Bogotá.
RUIZ-CARRANZA, P.M. & LYNCH, J.D., 1991. Ranas Centrolenidae de Colombia I: propuesta de una nueva clasificación genérica. Lozania, 57: 1-30.
RUIZ-CARRANZA, P.M. & LYNCH J.D., 1997. Ranas Centrolenidae de Colombia X: los centrolénidos de un perfil del flanco oriental de la Cordillera Central en el Departamento de Caldas. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, 21: 541-553.
RUIZ-CARRANZA, P.M. & LYNCH, J.D., 1998. Ranas Centrolenidae de Colombia XI. Nuevas especies de ranas cristal del género Hyalinobatrachium. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, 22: 571-586.
TAYLOR, E.H., 1951. Two new genera and a new family of tropical American frogs. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 64: 33-40.
VALENCIA-AGUILAR, A., CASTRO-HERRERA, F. & RAMÍREZ-PINILLA, M.P., 2012. Microhabitats for Oviposition and Male Clutch Attendance in Hyalinobatrachium aureoguttatum (Anura: Centrolenidae). Copeia 4: 722-731.
VARGAS-SALINAS, F., LÓPEZ-A, F.A. & MUÑOZ-G, J.N., 2007. Cochranella savagei. Reproduction. Herpetological Review, 38: 436-437.
VILLA, J., 1977. A symbiotic relationship between frog (Amphibia, Anura, Centrolenidae) and fly larvae (Drosophilidae). Journal of Herpetology, 11: 317-322.
VILLA, J., 1984. Biology of a Neotropical glass frog, Centrolenella fleischmanni (Boettger), with special references to its frogfly associates. Milwaukee Public Museum Contributions in Biology and Geology, 21: 1-17.
VOCKENHUBER, E.A., HÖDL, W. & KARPFEN, U., 2008. Reproductive behaviour of the glass frog Hyalinobatrachium valerioi (Anura: Centrolenidae) at the tropical stream Quebrada Negra (La Gamba, Costa Rica). Stapfia, 88: 335-348.
VOCKENHUBER, E.A., HÖDL, W. & AMÉZQUITA, A., 2009. Glassy fathers do matter: egg attendance enhances embryonic survivorship in the glass frog Hyalinobatrachium valerioi. Journal of Herpetology, 43: 340-344.
WELLS, K.D. & SCHWARTZ, J.J., 1982. The effect of vegetation on the propagation of calls in the Neotropical frog Centrolenella fleischmanni. Herpetologica, 38: 449-455.
WILD, E. & LYNCH, J., 2004. Nymphargus spilotus. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.Version 2010.4. http://www.iucnredlist.org. Accesed on 01 September 2011.
