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Giraldo, A. . (2020). Ichthyoplankton of cabo manglares (cabo manglares national integrated management district, bajo mira y frontera), Nariño, Colombia. Boletín Científico. Centro De Museos, 24(1), 135–149. https://doi.org/10.17151/bccm.2020.24.1.9
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Abstract
Objective. To establish the taxonomic list of fish larvae from Cabo Manglares, associated with the National Integrated Management District (DNMI) Cabo Manglares, Bajo Mira and Frontera. Scope. Promote taxonomic knowledge about fish larvae present in coastal environments of the Colombian Pacific. Methodology. Oceanographic sampling campaigns were carried out during December 2016 and March 2017 at the DNMI Cabo Manglares, Bajo Mira y Fronteras following a sampling grid of 32 stations. In total, 128 samples of zooplankton were obtained using a bongo net with 300 µm and 500 µm mesh, from which the fish larvae were separated and identified based on their morphometric characters. Main Results. 4947 fish larvae were captured and processed during the two study periods. 153 morphological taxonomic units of fish larvae, belonging to 43 families, were identified, the most abundant being the Bregmaceros bathymaster, Benthosema Panamensis and Cetengraulis mysticetus larvae. 9.9% of the larvae captured during December 2016 were vitelline, while during March 2017 only 2.7% were vitelline. 28.8% of the identified species were recorded in both sampling periods, while 63.0% were only registered during December 2016 and 43.6% were only registered in March 2017. Conclusions. The first taxonomic list of fish larvae from Cabo Manglares and DNMI Cabo Manglares, Bajo Mira y Fronteras area was established, finding evidence that suggests that the structure of fish larvae assembly in this locality exhibits a variation in a seasonal scale.
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References
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Allen, L. G., Pondella, D. J. & Horn, M. H. (Eds.). (2006). The ecology of marine fishes: California and adjacent waters. California: Univ of California Press.
AUNAP-UNIMAGDALENA. (2012). Reporte de la actividad pesquera Industrial y Artesanal Continental y Marina de Colombia. [Documento de trabajo].
Auth, T. D. & Brodeur, R. D. (2013). An overview of ichthyoplankton research in the northern California Current region: Contributions to ecosystem assessments and management. CalCOFI Rep., 54, 107-126.
Beldade, R., Borges, R. & Gonçalves, E. J. (2006). Depth distribution of nearshore temperate fish larval assemblages near rocky substrates. J. Plankton Res., 28(11), 1003-1013.
Beltrán-León, B. & Ríos, R. (2000). Estadios tempranos de peces del Pacífico colombiano. Bogotá, Colombia: Panamericana Formas e Impresos.
Beltrán, B., Ramos, G., Escobar, J. & Tovar, J. (1994). Distribución y abundancia de huevos y larvas de Opisthonema spp. (Gill, 1861) y Cetengraulis mysticetus (Gunther, 1866) (Pisces: Clupeiformes) en el Pacífico colombiano durante enero de 1993. Bol. Cient. INPA., 2, 181-199.
Boeing, W. J. & Duffy-Anderson, J. T. (2008). Ichthyoplankton dynamics and biodiversity in the Gulf of Alaska: responses to environmental change. Ecol. Indic., 8(3), 292-302.
Brochier, T., Echevin, V., Tam, J., Chaigneau, A., Goubanova, K. & Bertrand, A. (2013). Climate change scenarios experiments predict a future reduction in small pelagic fish recruitment in the Humboldt Current system., Global Change Biol., 19(6), 1841-1853.
Calle-Bonilla, I. C., Giraldo, A., & Cuéllar-Chacón, A. (2017). Variación espacio temporal del ensamble de larvas de peces coralinos en isla Gorgona, Pacífico colombiano. Bol. Invest. Mar. Cost., 46 (2), 55-72.
Colwell, R.K. & Coddington. J. A. (1994). Estimating terrestrial biodiversity through extrapolation. Phil. Trans. (Series B)., 345, 101-118.
Costa, M. D., Possinghamy, H. P. & Muelbert, J. H. (2015). Incorporating early life stages of fishes into estuarine spatial conservation planning. Aquat. Conserv., 26(6), 1013-1030.
Cowen, R. K., Hare, J. A. & Fahay, M. P. (1993). Beyond hydrography: can physical processes explain larval fish assemblages within the Middle Atlantic Bight?. Bull. Mar. Sci., 53(2), 567-587.
De Macedo-Soares, L. C. P., García, C. A. E., Freire, A. S. & Muelbert, J. H. (2014). Large-scale ichthyoplankton and water mass distribution along the South Brazil Shelf. PLoS One., 9(3), e91241.
Devis-Morales, A. W., Schneider. R. A., Montoya-Sánchez, Y. E. y Rodríguez-Rubio. (2008). Monsoon-like winds reverse oceanic circulation in the Panama Bight. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L20607. doi: 10.1029/2008GL035172.
Duffy‐Anderson, J. T., Busby, M. S., Mier, K. L., Deliyanides, C. M., & Stabeno, P. J. (2006). Spatial and temporal patterns in summer ichthyoplankton assemblages on the eastern Bering Sea shelf 1996–2000. Fish. Oceanogr., 15(1), 80-94.
Escarria, E., Beltrán-León, B. S. & Giraldo, A. (2006). Ictioplancton superficial de la cuenca del océano Pacífico colombiano (septiembre 2003). Invest. Mar., 34(2), 169-173.
Escarria, E., Beltrán-León, B. S., Giraldo, A. & Zapata, F. (2007). Ichthyoplankton in the Nacional Natural Park Isla Gorgona (Pacific Ocean of Colombia) during September 2005. Lat. Am. J. Aquat. Res., 35(2), 127-133.
Fuiman, L. A. & WErner, R. G. (Eds.). (2009). Fishery science: the unique contributions of early life stages. Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd.
Franco-Gordo, C., Godinez-Dominguez, E., Suárez-Morales, E. & Vásquez-Yeomans, L. (2003). Diversity of ichthyoplankton in the central Mexican Pacific: a seasonal survey. Estuar. Coast. Shelf. S., 57(1-2), 111-121.
Giraldo, A., Rodríguez-Rubio, E. & Zapata, F. (2008). Condiciones oceanográficas en isla Gorgona, Pacífico oriental tropical de Colombia. Lat. Am. J. Aquat. Res., 36(1), 121-128.
Govoni, J. J. (2005). Fisheries oceanography and the ecology of early life histories of fishes: a perspective over fifty years. Sci Mar., 69(S1), 125-137.
Govoni, J. J., Hoss, D. E. & Colby, D. R. (1989). The spatial distribution of larval fishes about the Mississippi River plume. Limnol Oceanogr., 34(1), 178-187.
Gray, C. A. & Miskiewicz, A. G. (2000). Larval fish assemblages in south-east Australian coastal waters: seasonal and spatial structure. Estuar. Coast. Shelf. S., 50(4), 549-570.
Hastings, A. & Botsford, L. W. (2003). Comparing designs of marine reserves for fisheries and for biodiversity. Ecol Appl., 13(sp1), 65-70.
Heltshe, J. & Forrester, N. E. (1983). Estimating species richness using the jackknife procedure. Biometrics., 39, 1-11.
Hernández, J. R. Carassou, L., Graham, W. M. & Powers, S. P. (2013). Evaluation of the taxonomic sufficiency approach for ichthyoplankton community analysis. Mar. Ecol-Prog. Ser., 491, 77-90.
Houde, E.D. (2008). Emerging from Hjort’s Shadow. J. Northwest Atl. Fish. Sci., 41, 53-70.
Jerez-Guerrero, M., Criales-Hernández, M. I. & Giraldo, A. (2017). Copépodos epipelágicos en Bahía Cupica, Pacífico colombiano: composición de especies, distribución y variación temporal. Rev. Biol. Trop., 65(3), 1046-1061.
Keskin, C. & Pauly, D. (2019). Species composition of ichthyoplankton assemblages: a response to seasonal temperature changes. Mediterranean Mar. Sci., 20(1), 222-226.
King, J. R. & Mcfarlane, G. A. (2003). Marine fish life history strategies: applications to fishery management. Fisheries Manag. Ecol., 10(4), 249-264.
Leis, J.M. (1991). The pelagic stage of reef fishes: the larval biology of coral reef fishes. In P. F. Sale. (Ed), The ecology of fishes on coral reefs (pp. 183-230). San Diego, USA: Academic Press.
Leis, J.M. (1993). Larval fish assemblages near Indo-Pacific coral reefs. Bull. Mar. Sci., 53(2), 362-392.
Leis, J. M. (2015). Taxonomy and systematics of larval Indo-Pacific fishes: a review of progress since 1981. Ichthyol. Res., 62(1), 9-28.
León-Chávez, C. A., Sánchez-Velasco, L., Beier, E., Lavín, M. F., Godínez, V. M. & Färber-Lorda, J. (2010). Larval fish assemblages and circulation in the Eastern Tropical Pacific in Autumn and Winter. J. Plankton Res., 32(4), 397-410.
León‐Chávez, C. A., Beier, E., Sánchez‐Velasco, L., Barton, E. D. & Godínez, V. M. (2015). Role of circulation scales and water mass distributions on larval fish habitats in the Eastern Tropical Pacific off Mexico. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans., 120(6), 3987-4002.
MADS. (2017). Resolución 2299 del 03 de noviembre de 2017. Por medio de la cual se reserva, delimita, alindera y declara el Distrito Nacional de Manejo Integrado Cabo Manglares Bajo Mira y Fronteras. Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible.
Marancik, K. E., Clough, L. M. & Hare, J. A. (2005). Cross-shelf and seasonal variation in larval fish assemblages on the southeast United States continental shelf off the coast of Georgia. Fish. Bull., 103(1), 108-129.
Martínez-Aguilar, T. I., Giraldo, A. & Rodríguez-Rubio, E. (2010). Ictioplancton en la zona costera del Pacífico colombiano durante la fase terminal de El Niño 2006-2007. Lat. Am. J. Aquat. Res., 38(1), 151-166.
Medina-Contreras, D., Cantera, J., Escarria, E. & Mejía-Ladino, L. M. (2014). Distribution and density of ichthyoplankton in the Bahía Málaga estuary, Pacific coast of Colombia (September 2009-February 2010). Bol. Invest. Mar. Cost., 43(1), 107-119.
Olivar, M. P., Emelianov, M., Villate, F., Uriarte, I., Maynou, F., Alvarez, I., & Morote, E. (2010). The role of oceanographic conditions and plankton availability in larval fish assemblages off the Catalan coast (NW Mediterranean). Fish. Oceanogr., 19(3), 209-229.
Olney, J. E. (1983). Eggs and early larvae of the bay anchovy, Anchoa mitchilli, and the weakfish, Cynoscion regalis, in lower Chesapeake Bay with notes on associated ichthyoplankton. Estuaries., 6(1), 20-35.
Ortiz, M. & López, R. (2015). Caracterización socioeconómica de la comunidad artesanal de Nariño, Colombia. Lecturas de Economía., 82, 247-281.
Sabates, A. & Olivar, M. P. (1996). Variation of larval fish distributions associated with variability in the location of a shelf-slope front. Mar. Ecol-Prog. Ser., 135, 11-20.
Sale, P.F. (1980). The ecology of fishes on coral reefs. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol., 18, 367-421.
Sanvicente-Añorve, L., Flores-Coto, C. & Chiappa-Carrara, X. (2000). Temporal and spatial scales of ichthyoplankton distribution in the southern Gulf of Mexico. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 51(4), 463-475.
Richards, W.J. (1985). Status of the identification of the early life stages of fishes. Bull. Mar. Sci., 37(2), 756-760.
Richards, W. (2006). Early stages of Atlantic fishes: an identification guide for the Western Central North Atlantic.Boca Raton, USA: Taylor y Francis Group, CRC Press.
Rodríguez-Rubio, E. & Schneider, W. (2003). On the seasonal circulation within the Panama Bight derived from satellite observations of wind, altimetry and sea surface temperature. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30 (7), 1410. doi:10.1029/2002GL016794.
Rodríguez-Rubio, E. & Giraldo, A. (2011). Características oceanográficas en la isla Malpelo y su relación con la cuenca oceánica del Pacífico colombiano. Bol. Invest. Mar. Cost., 40 (Supl. Esp.), 19-32
Sameoto, D. D. (1984). Environmental factors influencing diurnal distribution of zooplankton and ichthyoplankton. J. Plankton Res., 6(5), 767-792.
Valencia, B., Lavaniegos, B., Giraldo, A. & Rodríguez-Rubio, E. (2013). Temporal and spatial variation of hyperiid amphipod assemblages in response to hydrographic processes in the Panama Bight, eastern tropical Pacific. Deep Sea Res. Part 1 Oceanogr. Res. Pap., 73, 46-61.
VIllegas, N., Málikov, I. y Díaz, D. (2016). Variabilidad mensual de la velocidad de surgencia y clorofila a en la región del Panama Bight. Rev. Mutis., 6(2), 82-94.
Warner, R. R., Swearer, S. E. & Caselle, J. E. (2000). Larval accumulation and retention: implications for the design of marine reserves and essential habitat. Bull. Mar. Sci., 66(3), 821-830.
Whitfield, A. K., Y Pattrick, P. (2015). Habitat type and nursery function for coastal marine fish species, with emphasis on the Eastern Cape region, South Africa. Est. Coast. Shelf Sci., 160, 49-59.
Allen, L. G., Pondella, D. J. & Horn, M. H. (Eds.). (2006). The ecology of marine fishes: California and adjacent waters. California: Univ of California Press.
AUNAP-UNIMAGDALENA. (2012). Reporte de la actividad pesquera Industrial y Artesanal Continental y Marina de Colombia. [Documento de trabajo].
Auth, T. D. & Brodeur, R. D. (2013). An overview of ichthyoplankton research in the northern California Current region: Contributions to ecosystem assessments and management. CalCOFI Rep., 54, 107-126.
Beldade, R., Borges, R. & Gonçalves, E. J. (2006). Depth distribution of nearshore temperate fish larval assemblages near rocky substrates. J. Plankton Res., 28(11), 1003-1013.
Beltrán-León, B. & Ríos, R. (2000). Estadios tempranos de peces del Pacífico colombiano. Bogotá, Colombia: Panamericana Formas e Impresos.
Beltrán, B., Ramos, G., Escobar, J. & Tovar, J. (1994). Distribución y abundancia de huevos y larvas de Opisthonema spp. (Gill, 1861) y Cetengraulis mysticetus (Gunther, 1866) (Pisces: Clupeiformes) en el Pacífico colombiano durante enero de 1993. Bol. Cient. INPA., 2, 181-199.
Boeing, W. J. & Duffy-Anderson, J. T. (2008). Ichthyoplankton dynamics and biodiversity in the Gulf of Alaska: responses to environmental change. Ecol. Indic., 8(3), 292-302.
Brochier, T., Echevin, V., Tam, J., Chaigneau, A., Goubanova, K. & Bertrand, A. (2013). Climate change scenarios experiments predict a future reduction in small pelagic fish recruitment in the Humboldt Current system., Global Change Biol., 19(6), 1841-1853.
Calle-Bonilla, I. C., Giraldo, A., & Cuéllar-Chacón, A. (2017). Variación espacio temporal del ensamble de larvas de peces coralinos en isla Gorgona, Pacífico colombiano. Bol. Invest. Mar. Cost., 46 (2), 55-72.
Colwell, R.K. & Coddington. J. A. (1994). Estimating terrestrial biodiversity through extrapolation. Phil. Trans. (Series B)., 345, 101-118.
Costa, M. D., Possinghamy, H. P. & Muelbert, J. H. (2015). Incorporating early life stages of fishes into estuarine spatial conservation planning. Aquat. Conserv., 26(6), 1013-1030.
Cowen, R. K., Hare, J. A. & Fahay, M. P. (1993). Beyond hydrography: can physical processes explain larval fish assemblages within the Middle Atlantic Bight?. Bull. Mar. Sci., 53(2), 567-587.
De Macedo-Soares, L. C. P., García, C. A. E., Freire, A. S. & Muelbert, J. H. (2014). Large-scale ichthyoplankton and water mass distribution along the South Brazil Shelf. PLoS One., 9(3), e91241.
Devis-Morales, A. W., Schneider. R. A., Montoya-Sánchez, Y. E. y Rodríguez-Rubio. (2008). Monsoon-like winds reverse oceanic circulation in the Panama Bight. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L20607. doi: 10.1029/2008GL035172.
Duffy‐Anderson, J. T., Busby, M. S., Mier, K. L., Deliyanides, C. M., & Stabeno, P. J. (2006). Spatial and temporal patterns in summer ichthyoplankton assemblages on the eastern Bering Sea shelf 1996–2000. Fish. Oceanogr., 15(1), 80-94.
Escarria, E., Beltrán-León, B. S. & Giraldo, A. (2006). Ictioplancton superficial de la cuenca del océano Pacífico colombiano (septiembre 2003). Invest. Mar., 34(2), 169-173.
Escarria, E., Beltrán-León, B. S., Giraldo, A. & Zapata, F. (2007). Ichthyoplankton in the Nacional Natural Park Isla Gorgona (Pacific Ocean of Colombia) during September 2005. Lat. Am. J. Aquat. Res., 35(2), 127-133.
Fuiman, L. A. & WErner, R. G. (Eds.). (2009). Fishery science: the unique contributions of early life stages. Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd.
Franco-Gordo, C., Godinez-Dominguez, E., Suárez-Morales, E. & Vásquez-Yeomans, L. (2003). Diversity of ichthyoplankton in the central Mexican Pacific: a seasonal survey. Estuar. Coast. Shelf. S., 57(1-2), 111-121.
Giraldo, A., Rodríguez-Rubio, E. & Zapata, F. (2008). Condiciones oceanográficas en isla Gorgona, Pacífico oriental tropical de Colombia. Lat. Am. J. Aquat. Res., 36(1), 121-128.
Govoni, J. J. (2005). Fisheries oceanography and the ecology of early life histories of fishes: a perspective over fifty years. Sci Mar., 69(S1), 125-137.
Govoni, J. J., Hoss, D. E. & Colby, D. R. (1989). The spatial distribution of larval fishes about the Mississippi River plume. Limnol Oceanogr., 34(1), 178-187.
Gray, C. A. & Miskiewicz, A. G. (2000). Larval fish assemblages in south-east Australian coastal waters: seasonal and spatial structure. Estuar. Coast. Shelf. S., 50(4), 549-570.
Hastings, A. & Botsford, L. W. (2003). Comparing designs of marine reserves for fisheries and for biodiversity. Ecol Appl., 13(sp1), 65-70.
Heltshe, J. & Forrester, N. E. (1983). Estimating species richness using the jackknife procedure. Biometrics., 39, 1-11.
Hernández, J. R. Carassou, L., Graham, W. M. & Powers, S. P. (2013). Evaluation of the taxonomic sufficiency approach for ichthyoplankton community analysis. Mar. Ecol-Prog. Ser., 491, 77-90.
Houde, E.D. (2008). Emerging from Hjort’s Shadow. J. Northwest Atl. Fish. Sci., 41, 53-70.
Jerez-Guerrero, M., Criales-Hernández, M. I. & Giraldo, A. (2017). Copépodos epipelágicos en Bahía Cupica, Pacífico colombiano: composición de especies, distribución y variación temporal. Rev. Biol. Trop., 65(3), 1046-1061.
Keskin, C. & Pauly, D. (2019). Species composition of ichthyoplankton assemblages: a response to seasonal temperature changes. Mediterranean Mar. Sci., 20(1), 222-226.
King, J. R. & Mcfarlane, G. A. (2003). Marine fish life history strategies: applications to fishery management. Fisheries Manag. Ecol., 10(4), 249-264.
Leis, J.M. (1991). The pelagic stage of reef fishes: the larval biology of coral reef fishes. In P. F. Sale. (Ed), The ecology of fishes on coral reefs (pp. 183-230). San Diego, USA: Academic Press.
Leis, J.M. (1993). Larval fish assemblages near Indo-Pacific coral reefs. Bull. Mar. Sci., 53(2), 362-392.
Leis, J. M. (2015). Taxonomy and systematics of larval Indo-Pacific fishes: a review of progress since 1981. Ichthyol. Res., 62(1), 9-28.
León-Chávez, C. A., Sánchez-Velasco, L., Beier, E., Lavín, M. F., Godínez, V. M. & Färber-Lorda, J. (2010). Larval fish assemblages and circulation in the Eastern Tropical Pacific in Autumn and Winter. J. Plankton Res., 32(4), 397-410.
León‐Chávez, C. A., Beier, E., Sánchez‐Velasco, L., Barton, E. D. & Godínez, V. M. (2015). Role of circulation scales and water mass distributions on larval fish habitats in the Eastern Tropical Pacific off Mexico. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans., 120(6), 3987-4002.
MADS. (2017). Resolución 2299 del 03 de noviembre de 2017. Por medio de la cual se reserva, delimita, alindera y declara el Distrito Nacional de Manejo Integrado Cabo Manglares Bajo Mira y Fronteras. Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible.
Marancik, K. E., Clough, L. M. & Hare, J. A. (2005). Cross-shelf and seasonal variation in larval fish assemblages on the southeast United States continental shelf off the coast of Georgia. Fish. Bull., 103(1), 108-129.
Martínez-Aguilar, T. I., Giraldo, A. & Rodríguez-Rubio, E. (2010). Ictioplancton en la zona costera del Pacífico colombiano durante la fase terminal de El Niño 2006-2007. Lat. Am. J. Aquat. Res., 38(1), 151-166.
Medina-Contreras, D., Cantera, J., Escarria, E. & Mejía-Ladino, L. M. (2014). Distribution and density of ichthyoplankton in the Bahía Málaga estuary, Pacific coast of Colombia (September 2009-February 2010). Bol. Invest. Mar. Cost., 43(1), 107-119.
Olivar, M. P., Emelianov, M., Villate, F., Uriarte, I., Maynou, F., Alvarez, I., & Morote, E. (2010). The role of oceanographic conditions and plankton availability in larval fish assemblages off the Catalan coast (NW Mediterranean). Fish. Oceanogr., 19(3), 209-229.
Olney, J. E. (1983). Eggs and early larvae of the bay anchovy, Anchoa mitchilli, and the weakfish, Cynoscion regalis, in lower Chesapeake Bay with notes on associated ichthyoplankton. Estuaries., 6(1), 20-35.
Ortiz, M. & López, R. (2015). Caracterización socioeconómica de la comunidad artesanal de Nariño, Colombia. Lecturas de Economía., 82, 247-281.
Sabates, A. & Olivar, M. P. (1996). Variation of larval fish distributions associated with variability in the location of a shelf-slope front. Mar. Ecol-Prog. Ser., 135, 11-20.
Sale, P.F. (1980). The ecology of fishes on coral reefs. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol., 18, 367-421.
Sanvicente-Añorve, L., Flores-Coto, C. & Chiappa-Carrara, X. (2000). Temporal and spatial scales of ichthyoplankton distribution in the southern Gulf of Mexico. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 51(4), 463-475.
Richards, W.J. (1985). Status of the identification of the early life stages of fishes. Bull. Mar. Sci., 37(2), 756-760.
Richards, W. (2006). Early stages of Atlantic fishes: an identification guide for the Western Central North Atlantic.Boca Raton, USA: Taylor y Francis Group, CRC Press.
Rodríguez-Rubio, E. & Schneider, W. (2003). On the seasonal circulation within the Panama Bight derived from satellite observations of wind, altimetry and sea surface temperature. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30 (7), 1410. doi:10.1029/2002GL016794.
Rodríguez-Rubio, E. & Giraldo, A. (2011). Características oceanográficas en la isla Malpelo y su relación con la cuenca oceánica del Pacífico colombiano. Bol. Invest. Mar. Cost., 40 (Supl. Esp.), 19-32
Sameoto, D. D. (1984). Environmental factors influencing diurnal distribution of zooplankton and ichthyoplankton. J. Plankton Res., 6(5), 767-792.
Valencia, B., Lavaniegos, B., Giraldo, A. & Rodríguez-Rubio, E. (2013). Temporal and spatial variation of hyperiid amphipod assemblages in response to hydrographic processes in the Panama Bight, eastern tropical Pacific. Deep Sea Res. Part 1 Oceanogr. Res. Pap., 73, 46-61.
VIllegas, N., Málikov, I. y Díaz, D. (2016). Variabilidad mensual de la velocidad de surgencia y clorofila a en la región del Panama Bight. Rev. Mutis., 6(2), 82-94.
Warner, R. R., Swearer, S. E. & Caselle, J. E. (2000). Larval accumulation and retention: implications for the design of marine reserves and essential habitat. Bull. Mar. Sci., 66(3), 821-830.
Whitfield, A. K., Y Pattrick, P. (2015). Habitat type and nursery function for coastal marine fish species, with emphasis on the Eastern Cape region, South Africa. Est. Coast. Shelf Sci., 160, 49-59.
