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Cruz Bernate, L. . (2020). Nest defense behavior, predator recognition and breeding success in Vanellus Chilensis (aves : Charadriidae). Boletín Científico. Centro De Museos, 24(1), 103–118. https://doi.org/10.17151/bccm.2020.24.1.7
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Abstract
The defense of the nest presents great inter and intraspecific variation often associated with differences in the social system or the type of threat. The Southern Lapwing (Vanellus chilensis) is known for the vigorous nest defense against predators, however, this response can vary from silent flight with distraction maneuvers to the predator (passive defense), to strident flights of direct attack on predators (defense active). This study examines the relationship between the behavioral patterns of nest defense, nature of nearby stimuli, embryonic development and reproductive success of the Southern Lapwing in the wild in Colombia. Ringed and reproductively active pairs were submitted to three stimuli that represented potential threats to the nest (walking person, rider and tractor) and their behavioral responses were classified into different categories according to their intensity. The defense of the nest varied according to the stage of embryonic development of the chicks; with an early embryonic development, the defense was mainly passive and as the embryonic development advanced, the active defense was increased. The rider was the stimulus that triggered the greatest active defense while, before the walking person and the tractor, the response was mainly passive. The distance at which the birds left the nests on the approach of a stimulus correlated with the nature of the same. Adults tolerated the tractor closer to the nest than to the stimuli of walking person and rider, which suggests discrimination between stimuli. The males performed twice as direct attack flights as the females. Reproductive success was not correlated with the category of defense intensity of the manifested nest or with the clucht size.
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References
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Carrillo, J. & Aparicio, J. M. (2001). Nest defence behaviour of the Eurasian Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) against human predators Ethology, 107, 865–875.
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Coleman, R. M., Gross, M. R. & Sargent, R. C. (1985). Parental investment decision rules: a test in Bluegill Sunfish, Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol, 18, 59–66.
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Flasskamp, A. (1994). The adaptive significance of avian mobbing. V. An experimental test of the ‘move on’ hypothesis. Ethology, 96, 322–333.
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Gallegos, D. (1984). Aspectos de la biología reproductiva del Tero Común Vanellus chilensis (Gmelin). I: Comportamiento y territorialidad. Hornero, 12, 150–155.
Gehlbach, F. R. & Leverett, J. S. (1995). Mobbing of Eastern Screech Owls: predatory cues, risk to mobbers and degree of threat. Condor, 97, 831-834.
Griesser, M. & Ekman, J. (2005). Nepotistic mobbing behaviour in the Siberian Jay, Perisoreus infaustus. Anim. Behav. 69, 345–352.
Greig-Smith, P. W. (1980). Parental investment in nest defence by Stonechats (Saxicola torquata). Anim. Behav, 28, 604–619.
Gottfried, B. M. (1979). Anti-predator aggression in birds nesting in old field habitats: an experimental analysis. Condor, 81, 251–257.
Hilty, S. L. & Brown, W. L. (2001). Guía de las Aves de Colombia. Bogotá, Colombia: American Bird Conservancy.
IDEAM. (2005). Datos Meteorológicos del Estación 26055070. Cali, Colombia: Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales.
Kleindorfer, S., Fessl, B. & Hoi, H. (2005). Avian nest defence behaviour: assessment in relation to predator distance and type, and nest height. Anim. Behav., 69, 307–313.
Knight, R. & Temple, S. A. (1986). Why does intensity of avian nest defense increase during the nesting cycle? Auk, 103, 318–327.
Kopachena, J.G., Buckley, A. J. & Potts, G. A. (2000). Effects of the red imported Fire Ant (Solenopsis invicta) on reproductive success of Barn Swallows (Hirundo rustica) in northeast Texas. Southwest. Nat., 45, 477–482.
Lavery, R. J. & Keenleyside, M. H. A. (1990). Parental investment of a biparental cichlid fish, Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum, in relation to brood size and past investment. Anim. Behav, 40, 1128–1137.
Macedo, R. H., Karubian, J. & Webster, M. S. (2008). Extrapair paternity and sexual selection in socially monogamous birds: are tropical birds different? Auk, 125, 769–777.
Mena-Valenzuela, P. (2018). Comportamiento y reproducción de Vanellus chilensis (Charadriidae) en Imbabura, Ecuador. Biota Col., 19 (2), 105-116.
Myers, J. P. (1978). One deleterious effect of mobbing in the Southern Lapwing (Vanellus chilensis). Auk, 95, 419–420.
Naranjo, L. G. (1991). Notes on reproduction of the Southern Lapwing in Colombia. Ornitol. Neotrop., 2, 95–96.
Parish, M. B. & Coulson, J. C. (1998). Parental investment, reproductive success and polygyny in the lapwing, Vanellus vanellus. Anim. Behav., 56, 1161–1167.
Pavel, V. & Bures, S. (2001). Offspring age and nest defence: test of the feedback hypothesis in the meadow pipit. Anim. Behav., 61, 297–303.
RCORE TEAM. (2018). A language and environment for statistical computing. Recovered from http://www.Rproject.org.
Ridlehuber, K. T. (1982). Fire ant predation on Wood Duck ducklings and pipped eggs. Southwest. Nat., 27, 222.
Royle, N. J., Smiseth, P. T. & Kölliker, M. (2012). The Evolution of Parental Care. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Santos, E. S. A. (2009). Biologia reproductive de Vanellus chilensis (Aves: Charadriidae): Porque reproduzir em grupo? [dissertação de mestrado]. Universidad de Brasilia, Brasilia, Brasil.
Saracura, V., Macedo, R. H. & Blomqvist, D. (2008). Genetic parentage and variable social structure in breeding Southern Lapwings. Condor, 110, 554-558.
Shields, W. M. (1984). Barn Swallow mobbing: self-defence, collateral kin defence, or parental care?. Anim. Behav, 32, 132–148.
Sordahl, T. A. (1990). The risks of avian mobbing and distraction behavior: an anecdotal review. Wilson Bull., 102, 349–352.
Trivers, R. L. (1972). Parental investment and sexual selection. In Campbell. (Ed), Sexual selection and the descent of man (pp. 136–179). Chicago, United States of America: Aldine Publishing Company.
Walters, J. R. (1982). Parental behavior in Lapwings (Charadriidae) and its relationships with clutch sizes and mating systems. Evolution, 36, 1030–1040.
Walters, J. R. (1990). Anti-depredatory behavior of Lapwings: Field evidence of discriminative abilities. Wilson Bull, 102, 49–70.
Webb, N. V. & Blumstein, D. T. (2005). Variation in human disturbance diferentially affects predation risk assessment in Western Gulls. Condor, 107, 178–181.
Wilcoxen, T. E. & Rensel, M. A. (2009). Invasive Fire Ants depredate nest of Florida Scrub-Jay. Wilson J. Ornithol., 121, 846–847.
Wittenberg, J. F. (1981). Animal Social Behavior. Belmont: Wadsworth, INC.
Zar, J. H. (2010). Biostatistical Analysis. Ciudad: Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River.
Alcock, J. (1989). Animal Behavior: An Evolutionary Approach: Massachusetts: Sinauer Assocciates, INC.
Allen, C. R., Epperson, D. M. & Garmestani, A. S. (2004). Red imported fire ant impacts on wildlife: a decade of research. Am. Midl. Nat., 152, 88–103.
Anderson, M., Wiklund, C. G. & Rundgren, H. (1980). Parental defense of offspring: a model and an example. Anim. Behav, 28, 536–542.
Barash, D. P. (1975). Evolutionary aspects of parental behavior: distraction behavior of the Alpine accentor. Wilson Bull, 87, 367–373.
Biermann, G. C. & Robertson, R. J. (1983). Residual reproductive value and parental investment. Anim. Behav, 31, 311–312.
Blancher, P. J. & Robertson, R. J. (1982). Kingbird aggression: does it deter predation? Anim. Behav., 30, 929–930.
Brunton, D. H. (1986). Fatal antipredator behavior of a Killdeer. Wilson Bull., 98, 605–607.
Campomizzi, A. J., Morrison, M. L., Farrell, S. L., Wilkins, R. N., Drees, B. M. & Packard, J. M. (2009). Red imported fire ants can decrease songbird nest survival. Condor, 111, 534–537.
Carrillo, J. & Aparicio, J. M. (2001). Nest defence behaviour of the Eurasian Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) against human predators Ethology, 107, 865–875.
Chandler, C. R. & Rose, R. (1988). Comparative analysis of the effects of visual and auditory stimuli on avian mobbing behaviour. J. Field Ornithol, 59, 269–277.
Coleman, R. M., Gross, M. R. & Sargent, R. C. (1985). Parental investment decision rules: a test in Bluegill Sunfish, Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol, 18, 59–66.
Cruz-Bernate, L., Riascos, Y. & Barreto, G. (2013). Dimorfismo sexual y determinación del sexo con DNA en el Pellar Común (Vanellus chilensis). Ornitol. Neotrop., 24, 433–444.
Cully, J. F. JR. & Ligon, J. D. (1976). Comparative mobbing behavior of Scrub and Mexican Jays. Auk, 93, 116–125.
Curio, E., Ernest, U. & Vieth, W. (1978). Cultural transmission of enemy recognition: one function of mobbing. Science, 202, 899–901.
Davies, N. B., Krebs, J. R. & West, S. A. (2012). An Introduction to Behavioural Ecology. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell.
Dawkins, R. & Brockmann, H. J. (1980). Do digger wasps commit the Concorde fallacy? Anim. Behav, 28, 892–896.
Defisher, L. E. & Bonter, D. N. (2013). Effects of invasive European Fire Ants (Myrmica rubra) on Herring Gull (Larus argentatus) reproduction. Plos One, 8, e64185. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064185.
Piersma, T. & Wiersma, P. (1996). Family Charadriidae (plovers). In J. del Hoyo., A. Elliot. & J. Sargatal. (Eds), Handboook of the birds of the world (pp. 384-442). Barcelona, España: Lynx edicions.
Denson, R. D. (1979). Owl predation on a mobbing crow. Wilson Bull., 91, 133.
Ellegren, H. (1996). First gene on the avian W chromosome (CHD) provides a tag for universal sexing of non-ratite birds. Proc. R.
Espinal, L. S. (1967). Apuntes sobre Ecología Colombiana. Cali, Colombia: Universidad del Valle.
Frankenberg, E. (1981). The adaptive significance of avian mobbing: IV. “Alerting others” and “perception advertisement” in blackbirds facing an owl. Z. Tierpsychol, 55, 97–118.
Flasskamp, A. (1994). The adaptive significance of avian mobbing. V. An experimental test of the ‘move on’ hypothesis. Ethology, 96, 322–333.
Fridolfsson, A. & Ellegren, H. (1999). A simple and universal method for molecular sexing of non-ratite birds. J. Avian Biol, 30, 116–121.
Galeotti, P., Tavecchia, G. & Bonetti, A. (2000). Parental defence in Long-eared owl Asio otus: effects of breeding stage, parent sex and human persecution. J. Avian Biol., 31, 431–440.
Gallegos, D. (1984). Aspectos de la biología reproductiva del Tero Común Vanellus chilensis (Gmelin). I: Comportamiento y territorialidad. Hornero, 12, 150–155.
Gehlbach, F. R. & Leverett, J. S. (1995). Mobbing of Eastern Screech Owls: predatory cues, risk to mobbers and degree of threat. Condor, 97, 831-834.
Griesser, M. & Ekman, J. (2005). Nepotistic mobbing behaviour in the Siberian Jay, Perisoreus infaustus. Anim. Behav. 69, 345–352.
Greig-Smith, P. W. (1980). Parental investment in nest defence by Stonechats (Saxicola torquata). Anim. Behav, 28, 604–619.
Gottfried, B. M. (1979). Anti-predator aggression in birds nesting in old field habitats: an experimental analysis. Condor, 81, 251–257.
Hilty, S. L. & Brown, W. L. (2001). Guía de las Aves de Colombia. Bogotá, Colombia: American Bird Conservancy.
IDEAM. (2005). Datos Meteorológicos del Estación 26055070. Cali, Colombia: Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales.
Kleindorfer, S., Fessl, B. & Hoi, H. (2005). Avian nest defence behaviour: assessment in relation to predator distance and type, and nest height. Anim. Behav., 69, 307–313.
Knight, R. & Temple, S. A. (1986). Why does intensity of avian nest defense increase during the nesting cycle? Auk, 103, 318–327.
Kopachena, J.G., Buckley, A. J. & Potts, G. A. (2000). Effects of the red imported Fire Ant (Solenopsis invicta) on reproductive success of Barn Swallows (Hirundo rustica) in northeast Texas. Southwest. Nat., 45, 477–482.
Lavery, R. J. & Keenleyside, M. H. A. (1990). Parental investment of a biparental cichlid fish, Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum, in relation to brood size and past investment. Anim. Behav, 40, 1128–1137.
Macedo, R. H., Karubian, J. & Webster, M. S. (2008). Extrapair paternity and sexual selection in socially monogamous birds: are tropical birds different? Auk, 125, 769–777.
Mena-Valenzuela, P. (2018). Comportamiento y reproducción de Vanellus chilensis (Charadriidae) en Imbabura, Ecuador. Biota Col., 19 (2), 105-116.
Myers, J. P. (1978). One deleterious effect of mobbing in the Southern Lapwing (Vanellus chilensis). Auk, 95, 419–420.
Naranjo, L. G. (1991). Notes on reproduction of the Southern Lapwing in Colombia. Ornitol. Neotrop., 2, 95–96.
Parish, M. B. & Coulson, J. C. (1998). Parental investment, reproductive success and polygyny in the lapwing, Vanellus vanellus. Anim. Behav., 56, 1161–1167.
Pavel, V. & Bures, S. (2001). Offspring age and nest defence: test of the feedback hypothesis in the meadow pipit. Anim. Behav., 61, 297–303.
RCORE TEAM. (2018). A language and environment for statistical computing. Recovered from http://www.Rproject.org.
Ridlehuber, K. T. (1982). Fire ant predation on Wood Duck ducklings and pipped eggs. Southwest. Nat., 27, 222.
Royle, N. J., Smiseth, P. T. & Kölliker, M. (2012). The Evolution of Parental Care. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Santos, E. S. A. (2009). Biologia reproductive de Vanellus chilensis (Aves: Charadriidae): Porque reproduzir em grupo? [dissertação de mestrado]. Universidad de Brasilia, Brasilia, Brasil.
Saracura, V., Macedo, R. H. & Blomqvist, D. (2008). Genetic parentage and variable social structure in breeding Southern Lapwings. Condor, 110, 554-558.
Shields, W. M. (1984). Barn Swallow mobbing: self-defence, collateral kin defence, or parental care?. Anim. Behav, 32, 132–148.
Sordahl, T. A. (1990). The risks of avian mobbing and distraction behavior: an anecdotal review. Wilson Bull., 102, 349–352.
Trivers, R. L. (1972). Parental investment and sexual selection. In Campbell. (Ed), Sexual selection and the descent of man (pp. 136–179). Chicago, United States of America: Aldine Publishing Company.
Walters, J. R. (1982). Parental behavior in Lapwings (Charadriidae) and its relationships with clutch sizes and mating systems. Evolution, 36, 1030–1040.
Walters, J. R. (1990). Anti-depredatory behavior of Lapwings: Field evidence of discriminative abilities. Wilson Bull, 102, 49–70.
Webb, N. V. & Blumstein, D. T. (2005). Variation in human disturbance diferentially affects predation risk assessment in Western Gulls. Condor, 107, 178–181.
Wilcoxen, T. E. & Rensel, M. A. (2009). Invasive Fire Ants depredate nest of Florida Scrub-Jay. Wilson J. Ornithol., 121, 846–847.
Wittenberg, J. F. (1981). Animal Social Behavior. Belmont: Wadsworth, INC.
Zar, J. H. (2010). Biostatistical Analysis. Ciudad: Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River.
