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Cardona Avila, J. D. (2025). Controlling massive fungal proliferation in a scientific reference zoological collection. Boletín Científico. Centro De Museos, 29(2), 233–254. https://doi.org/10.17151/bccm.2025.29.2.12
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Abstract
This study focused on controlling a fungal infestation in the zoological collection at the Departmental Museum of Natural Sciences in Cali. This infestation was caused by inadequate conservation facilities for specimens and the absence of a quarantine zone. Sixty-eight infected specimens and eight environmental samples were collected in order to characterise and purify the predominant morphotypes. Ten of these samples showed growth in the laboratory, enabling the isolation of 17 colonies, which were then grouped into 15 morphotypes. Three of these morphotypes — identified as Peniophora albobadia, Aspergillus sydowii and Penicillium commune — were selected for sensitivity testing. Five commercial disinfectants (Timsen 2125M P40®, Simple Green D Pro 5®, Divosan Forte VT6, KlaxinnTabs DETCLORK 500 and Pentamon) were evaluated at four concentrations (0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6% and 0.8%) in duplicate. Although KlaxinnTabs DETCLORK 500 at 0.8% showed the best in vitro performance, it was impractical to use; therefore, Simple Green D Pro 5® was chosen. This reduced the environmental microbial load by 40% and decreased the number of positive surface samples from 6 to 2. These results suggest promising potential for controlling the infestation. This could be further improved by employing a spray application of KlaxinnTabs DETCLORK 500 and implementing a quarantine zone for infected specimens.
References
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Bika, R., Copes, W., y Baysal-Gurel, F. (2021). Comparative performance of sanitizers in managing plant-to-plant transfer and postharvest infection of Calonectria pseudonaviculata and Pseudonectria foliicola. Plant Disease, 105(10), 2809–2821. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-03-21-0481-RE
Choi, Y.-H., Huh, D.-A., Lee, J.-Y., Choi, J. Y., y Moon, K. W. (2021). Verification and optimization of an ultra-low volume (ULV) sprayer used for the inactivation of indoor total bacteria. Applied Sciences, 11(8), 3713. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11083713
Copes, W. E., y Ojiambo, P. S. (2023). A systematic review and quantitative synthesis of the efficacy of quaternary ammonium disinfectants against fungal plant pathogens. Plant Disease, 107(2), 480–492. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-09-21-2018-RE
Cox, C. S., y Wathes, C. M. (1995). Bioaerosols in the environment. En C. S. Cox y C. M. Wathes (Eds.), Bioaerosols Handbook:Sampling, Analysis and Control (pp. 11–14). Lewis Publishers.
De Lima, J. T. M., y de Souza Carvalho, I. (2020). Geological or cultural heritage? The ex situ scientific collections as a remnant of nature and culture. Geoheritage, 12(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-020-00448-5252 Juan David Cardona Avila
Delgadillo, I., y Góngora, F. (2009). Colecciones biológicas: estrategias didácticas en la enseñanza-aprendizaje de la biología. Revista Bio-grafía, 2(3), 131-140. https://doi.org/10.17227/20271034.vol.2num.3bio-grafia131.140
De Moraes Borba, C., y Rodrigues, K. F. (2000). Viability and sporulating capability of Coelomycetes preserved under a range of different storage regimes. Revista Iberoamericana de Micología, 17, 142-145. https://www.reviberoammicol.com/2000-17/142145.pdf
Diblasi, L., Arrighi, F., Silva, J., Bardón, A., y Cartagena, E. (2015). Penicillium commune metabolic profile as a promising source of antipathogenic natural products. Natural Product Research, 29(23), 2181–2187. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2015.1007457
Dilmaçünal, T., y Kuleaşan, H. (2018). Novel strategies for the reduction of microbial degradation of foods. En Mihai Grumezescu, A., y Holban, A.M. (Eds.), Food Safety and Preservation (pp. 481–520). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814956-0.00016-0
Demjanová, S., Jevinová, P., Pipová, M., y Regecová, I. (2020). Identification of Penicillium verrucosum, Penicillium commune, and Penicillium crustosum isolated from chicken eggs. Processes, 9(1), 53. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9010053
Fernandes, S., Simões, M., Dias, N., Santos, C., y Lima, N. (2012). Fungicidal activity of microbicides. En Fraise, A., Maillard, J.Y., y Sattar, S.A. (Eds.), Russell, Hugo y Ayliffe’s Handbook of Microbiology (pp. 142–154). Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118425831.ch7
Gourama, H., y Bullerman, L. B. (1995). Relationship between aflatoxin production and mold growth as measured by ergosterol and plate count. Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft und -Technologie, 28(2), 185–189. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01141329
Guevara-Suarez, M., Sutton, D. A., Cano-Lira, J. F., García, D., Martin-Vicente, A., Wiederhold, N., Guarro, J., y Gené, J. (2016). Identification and antifungal susceptibility of Penicillium-like fungi from clinical samples in the United States. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 54(8), 2155–2161. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00960-16
International Society for Biological and Environmental Repositories. (2008). Collection, storage, retrieval and distribution of biological materials for research. Cell Preservation Technology, 6(1), 3–58. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpt.2008.9997
Ibrahim, S., Mohamed, S., Alsaadi, B., Althubyani, M., Awari, Z., Hussein, H., Aljohani, A., Albasri, J., Faraj, S., y Mohamed, G. (2023). Secondary metabolites, biological activities, and industrial and biotechnological importance of Aspergillus sydowii. Marine Drugs, 21(8), 441. https://doi.org/10.3390/md21080441
Jacomé, A. M., y Campos, S. (2022). Digitalización y verificación de la información del orden Chiroptera que reposa en la colección de referencia del Museo de Vertebrados de la Universidad de Panamá [Trabajo de pregrado, Universidad de Panamá]. https://up-rid.up.ac.pa/6390/1/ana_jacome.pdf
Jiménez-Gómez, I., Valdés-Muñoz, G., Moreno-Ulloa, A., Pérez-Llano, Y., Moreno-Perlín, T., Silva-Jiménez, H., Barreto-Curiel, F., Sánchez-Carbente, M. del R., Folch-Mallol, J. L., Gunde-Cimerman, N., Lago-Lestón, A., y Batista-García, R. A. (2022). Surviving in the brine: A multi-omics approach for understanding the physiology of the halophile fungus Aspergillus sydowii at saturated NaCl concentration. Frontiers in Microbiology, 13, 840408. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.840408
Keene, S. (2006). Fragments of the world: Uses of museum collections. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780080456416
Kerr, J. R. (1999). Bacterial inhibition of fungal growth and pathogenicity. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease, 11(3), 129–142.
https://doi.org/10.1080/089106099435709
Ljaljevic-Grbic, M., Stupar, M., Vukojevic, J., Maricic, I., y Bungur, N. (2013). Molds in museum environments: Biodeterioration of art photographs and wooden sculptures. Archives of Biological Sciences, 65(3), 955–962. https://doi.org/10.2298/ABS1303955G
Maggi, O., Tosi, S., Angelova, M., Lagostina, E., Fabbri, A. A., Pecoraro, L., Altobelli, E., Picco, A. M., Savino, E., Branda, E., Turchetti, B., Zotti, M., Vizzini, A., y Buzzini, P. (2013). Adaptation of fungi, including yeasts, to cold environments. Plant Biosystems, 147(1), 247–258. https://doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2012.753135
Meineke, E. K., y Daru, B. H. (2021). Bias assessments to expand research harnessing biological collections. Trends in Ecology y Evolution, 36(12), 1071–1082. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2021.08.003
Nakasone, K. K., Peterson, S. W., y Jong, S.-C. (2004). Preservation and distribution of fungal cultures. En Biodiversity of Fungi: Inventory and Monitoring Methods (pp. 37–47). Elsevier Academic Press. https://research.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/7115
Rose, C. L., Hawks, C. A., y Genoways, H. H. (1995). Storage of natural history collections: A preventive conservation approach. Society for the Preservation of natural History Collections.
Rose, C. L., Hawks, C. A., y Waller, R. (2019). A preventive conservation approach to the storage of collections. En L. Elkin y C. A. Norris (Eds.), Preventive Conservation: Collection Storage (pp. 43-55). Society for the Preservation of Natural History Collections. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335682131_A_Preventive_Conservation_Approach_to_the_Storage_of_Collections
Senanayake, I.C, Rathnayaka, AR., Marasinghe, D.S., Calabon, M.S., Gentekaki, E., Lee, H.B., Hurdeal, V.G., Pem, D., Dissanayake, L.S., Wijesingke, S.N., Bundhun, D., Nguyen, T.T., Goonasekara, I.D., Abeywickrama, P.D., Bhunjun, C.S., Jayawardena, R.S., Wanasinghe, D.N., Jeewon, R., Bhat, D.J., y Xiang, M.M. (2020). Morphological approaches in studying fungi: Collection, examination, isolation, sporulation and preservation. Mycosphere, 11(1), 2678–2754. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/20
Selbmann, L., Egidi, E., Isola, D., Onofri, S., Zucconi, L., de Hoog, G. S., Chinaglia, S., Testa, L., Tosi, S., Balestrazzi, A., Lantieri, A., Compagno, R., Tigini, V., y Varese, G. C. (2013). Biodiversity, evolution and adaptation of fungi in extreme environments. Plant Biosystems, 147(1), 237–246. https://doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2012.753134
Simple Green. (2008). SIMPLE GREEN® D PRO 5 Desinfectante – Limpiador – Antiséptico – Fungicida – Antimoho – Virucida* – Desodorante. Simple Green® d Pro5. 1 Gal. - Simple Green
Siqueira, J. P. Z., Sutton, D. A., García, D., Gené, J., Thomson, P., Wiederhold, N., y Guarro, J. (2016). Species diversity of
Aspergillus section Versicolores in clinical samples and antifungal susceptibility. Fungal Biology, 120(11), 1458–1467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2016.02.006
Speranza, M., Gutiérrez, A., del Río, J. C., Bettucci, L., Martínez, Á. T., y Martínez, M. J. (2009). Sterols and lignin in Eucalyptus globulus wood: Spatial distribution and fungal removal as revealed by microscopy and chemical analyses. Holzforschung, 63(3),362–370. https://doi.org/10.1515/HF.2009.041
Simmons, J. E., y Muñoz-Saba, Y. (2005). Cuidado, manejo y conservación de las colecciones biológicas. Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
Shabbir, A., Khan, M. A., Khan, A. M., y Iqbal, M. (2007). Fungal biodeterioration: A case study in the zoological museum of the Punjab University. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 17(4), 90–92.
Sluys, R. (2021). Attaching names to biological species: The use and value of type specimens in systematic zoology and natural history collections. Biological Theory, 16(1), 49–61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13752-020-00366-3
Strasser, B. J. (2011). The experimenter’s museum: GenBank, natural history, and the moral economies of biomedicine. ISIS, 102(1), 60-96. https://doi.org/10.1086/658657
Takahata, Y., Hiruma, M., Sugita, T., y Muto, M. (2008). A case of onychomycosis due to Aspergillus sydowii diagnosed using DNA sequence analysis. Mycoses, 51(2), 170–173. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0507.2007.01458.x
Tian, J., Wu, B., Chen, H., Jiang, N., Kang, X., y Liu, X. (2017). Patterns and drivers of fungal diversity along an altitudinal gradient on Mount Gongga, China. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 17(12), 2856-2865. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-017-1701-9
Troncozo, M. I., Figoli, C. B., Franco, M. E. E., Mirífico, M. V., Bosch, A., Rajchenberg, M., Balatti, P. A., y Saparrat, M. C. N. (2020). Biotransformation of grape pomace from Vitis labrusca by Peniophora albobadia LPSC #285 (Basidiomycota). Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 92(1). https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765202020181174
Trujillo-Luna, B. R., y González-Vallejo, N. E. (2006). Equinodermos de la colección de referencia de bentos costero de Ecosur. Universidad y Ciencia, 22(1), 83–88. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=2108723
Zaitseva, N. (2009). A polysaccharide extracted from Sphagnum moss as an antifungal agent in archaeological conservation [Trabajo de maestría, Queen´s University]. https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/thesescanada/vol2/002/MR65063.PDF?is_thesis=1&oclc_number=808922483
Bika, R., Copes, W., y Baysal-Gurel, F. (2021). Comparative performance of sanitizers in managing plant-to-plant transfer and postharvest infection of Calonectria pseudonaviculata and Pseudonectria foliicola. Plant Disease, 105(10), 2809–2821. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-03-21-0481-RE
Choi, Y.-H., Huh, D.-A., Lee, J.-Y., Choi, J. Y., y Moon, K. W. (2021). Verification and optimization of an ultra-low volume (ULV) sprayer used for the inactivation of indoor total bacteria. Applied Sciences, 11(8), 3713. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11083713
Copes, W. E., y Ojiambo, P. S. (2023). A systematic review and quantitative synthesis of the efficacy of quaternary ammonium disinfectants against fungal plant pathogens. Plant Disease, 107(2), 480–492. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-09-21-2018-RE
Cox, C. S., y Wathes, C. M. (1995). Bioaerosols in the environment. En C. S. Cox y C. M. Wathes (Eds.), Bioaerosols Handbook:Sampling, Analysis and Control (pp. 11–14). Lewis Publishers.
De Lima, J. T. M., y de Souza Carvalho, I. (2020). Geological or cultural heritage? The ex situ scientific collections as a remnant of nature and culture. Geoheritage, 12(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-020-00448-5252 Juan David Cardona Avila
Delgadillo, I., y Góngora, F. (2009). Colecciones biológicas: estrategias didácticas en la enseñanza-aprendizaje de la biología. Revista Bio-grafía, 2(3), 131-140. https://doi.org/10.17227/20271034.vol.2num.3bio-grafia131.140
De Moraes Borba, C., y Rodrigues, K. F. (2000). Viability and sporulating capability of Coelomycetes preserved under a range of different storage regimes. Revista Iberoamericana de Micología, 17, 142-145. https://www.reviberoammicol.com/2000-17/142145.pdf
Diblasi, L., Arrighi, F., Silva, J., Bardón, A., y Cartagena, E. (2015). Penicillium commune metabolic profile as a promising source of antipathogenic natural products. Natural Product Research, 29(23), 2181–2187. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2015.1007457
Dilmaçünal, T., y Kuleaşan, H. (2018). Novel strategies for the reduction of microbial degradation of foods. En Mihai Grumezescu, A., y Holban, A.M. (Eds.), Food Safety and Preservation (pp. 481–520). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814956-0.00016-0
Demjanová, S., Jevinová, P., Pipová, M., y Regecová, I. (2020). Identification of Penicillium verrucosum, Penicillium commune, and Penicillium crustosum isolated from chicken eggs. Processes, 9(1), 53. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9010053
Fernandes, S., Simões, M., Dias, N., Santos, C., y Lima, N. (2012). Fungicidal activity of microbicides. En Fraise, A., Maillard, J.Y., y Sattar, S.A. (Eds.), Russell, Hugo y Ayliffe’s Handbook of Microbiology (pp. 142–154). Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118425831.ch7
Gourama, H., y Bullerman, L. B. (1995). Relationship between aflatoxin production and mold growth as measured by ergosterol and plate count. Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft und -Technologie, 28(2), 185–189. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01141329
Guevara-Suarez, M., Sutton, D. A., Cano-Lira, J. F., García, D., Martin-Vicente, A., Wiederhold, N., Guarro, J., y Gené, J. (2016). Identification and antifungal susceptibility of Penicillium-like fungi from clinical samples in the United States. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 54(8), 2155–2161. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00960-16
International Society for Biological and Environmental Repositories. (2008). Collection, storage, retrieval and distribution of biological materials for research. Cell Preservation Technology, 6(1), 3–58. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpt.2008.9997
Ibrahim, S., Mohamed, S., Alsaadi, B., Althubyani, M., Awari, Z., Hussein, H., Aljohani, A., Albasri, J., Faraj, S., y Mohamed, G. (2023). Secondary metabolites, biological activities, and industrial and biotechnological importance of Aspergillus sydowii. Marine Drugs, 21(8), 441. https://doi.org/10.3390/md21080441
Jacomé, A. M., y Campos, S. (2022). Digitalización y verificación de la información del orden Chiroptera que reposa en la colección de referencia del Museo de Vertebrados de la Universidad de Panamá [Trabajo de pregrado, Universidad de Panamá]. https://up-rid.up.ac.pa/6390/1/ana_jacome.pdf
Jiménez-Gómez, I., Valdés-Muñoz, G., Moreno-Ulloa, A., Pérez-Llano, Y., Moreno-Perlín, T., Silva-Jiménez, H., Barreto-Curiel, F., Sánchez-Carbente, M. del R., Folch-Mallol, J. L., Gunde-Cimerman, N., Lago-Lestón, A., y Batista-García, R. A. (2022). Surviving in the brine: A multi-omics approach for understanding the physiology of the halophile fungus Aspergillus sydowii at saturated NaCl concentration. Frontiers in Microbiology, 13, 840408. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.840408
Keene, S. (2006). Fragments of the world: Uses of museum collections. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780080456416
Kerr, J. R. (1999). Bacterial inhibition of fungal growth and pathogenicity. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease, 11(3), 129–142.
https://doi.org/10.1080/089106099435709
Ljaljevic-Grbic, M., Stupar, M., Vukojevic, J., Maricic, I., y Bungur, N. (2013). Molds in museum environments: Biodeterioration of art photographs and wooden sculptures. Archives of Biological Sciences, 65(3), 955–962. https://doi.org/10.2298/ABS1303955G
Maggi, O., Tosi, S., Angelova, M., Lagostina, E., Fabbri, A. A., Pecoraro, L., Altobelli, E., Picco, A. M., Savino, E., Branda, E., Turchetti, B., Zotti, M., Vizzini, A., y Buzzini, P. (2013). Adaptation of fungi, including yeasts, to cold environments. Plant Biosystems, 147(1), 247–258. https://doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2012.753135
Meineke, E. K., y Daru, B. H. (2021). Bias assessments to expand research harnessing biological collections. Trends in Ecology y Evolution, 36(12), 1071–1082. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2021.08.003
Nakasone, K. K., Peterson, S. W., y Jong, S.-C. (2004). Preservation and distribution of fungal cultures. En Biodiversity of Fungi: Inventory and Monitoring Methods (pp. 37–47). Elsevier Academic Press. https://research.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/7115
Rose, C. L., Hawks, C. A., y Genoways, H. H. (1995). Storage of natural history collections: A preventive conservation approach. Society for the Preservation of natural History Collections.
Rose, C. L., Hawks, C. A., y Waller, R. (2019). A preventive conservation approach to the storage of collections. En L. Elkin y C. A. Norris (Eds.), Preventive Conservation: Collection Storage (pp. 43-55). Society for the Preservation of Natural History Collections. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335682131_A_Preventive_Conservation_Approach_to_the_Storage_of_Collections
Senanayake, I.C, Rathnayaka, AR., Marasinghe, D.S., Calabon, M.S., Gentekaki, E., Lee, H.B., Hurdeal, V.G., Pem, D., Dissanayake, L.S., Wijesingke, S.N., Bundhun, D., Nguyen, T.T., Goonasekara, I.D., Abeywickrama, P.D., Bhunjun, C.S., Jayawardena, R.S., Wanasinghe, D.N., Jeewon, R., Bhat, D.J., y Xiang, M.M. (2020). Morphological approaches in studying fungi: Collection, examination, isolation, sporulation and preservation. Mycosphere, 11(1), 2678–2754. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/20
Selbmann, L., Egidi, E., Isola, D., Onofri, S., Zucconi, L., de Hoog, G. S., Chinaglia, S., Testa, L., Tosi, S., Balestrazzi, A., Lantieri, A., Compagno, R., Tigini, V., y Varese, G. C. (2013). Biodiversity, evolution and adaptation of fungi in extreme environments. Plant Biosystems, 147(1), 237–246. https://doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2012.753134
Simple Green. (2008). SIMPLE GREEN® D PRO 5 Desinfectante – Limpiador – Antiséptico – Fungicida – Antimoho – Virucida* – Desodorante. Simple Green® d Pro5. 1 Gal. - Simple Green
Siqueira, J. P. Z., Sutton, D. A., García, D., Gené, J., Thomson, P., Wiederhold, N., y Guarro, J. (2016). Species diversity of
Aspergillus section Versicolores in clinical samples and antifungal susceptibility. Fungal Biology, 120(11), 1458–1467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2016.02.006
Speranza, M., Gutiérrez, A., del Río, J. C., Bettucci, L., Martínez, Á. T., y Martínez, M. J. (2009). Sterols and lignin in Eucalyptus globulus wood: Spatial distribution and fungal removal as revealed by microscopy and chemical analyses. Holzforschung, 63(3),362–370. https://doi.org/10.1515/HF.2009.041
Simmons, J. E., y Muñoz-Saba, Y. (2005). Cuidado, manejo y conservación de las colecciones biológicas. Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
Shabbir, A., Khan, M. A., Khan, A. M., y Iqbal, M. (2007). Fungal biodeterioration: A case study in the zoological museum of the Punjab University. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 17(4), 90–92.
Sluys, R. (2021). Attaching names to biological species: The use and value of type specimens in systematic zoology and natural history collections. Biological Theory, 16(1), 49–61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13752-020-00366-3
Strasser, B. J. (2011). The experimenter’s museum: GenBank, natural history, and the moral economies of biomedicine. ISIS, 102(1), 60-96. https://doi.org/10.1086/658657
Takahata, Y., Hiruma, M., Sugita, T., y Muto, M. (2008). A case of onychomycosis due to Aspergillus sydowii diagnosed using DNA sequence analysis. Mycoses, 51(2), 170–173. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0507.2007.01458.x
Tian, J., Wu, B., Chen, H., Jiang, N., Kang, X., y Liu, X. (2017). Patterns and drivers of fungal diversity along an altitudinal gradient on Mount Gongga, China. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 17(12), 2856-2865. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-017-1701-9
Troncozo, M. I., Figoli, C. B., Franco, M. E. E., Mirífico, M. V., Bosch, A., Rajchenberg, M., Balatti, P. A., y Saparrat, M. C. N. (2020). Biotransformation of grape pomace from Vitis labrusca by Peniophora albobadia LPSC #285 (Basidiomycota). Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 92(1). https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765202020181174
Trujillo-Luna, B. R., y González-Vallejo, N. E. (2006). Equinodermos de la colección de referencia de bentos costero de Ecosur. Universidad y Ciencia, 22(1), 83–88. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=2108723
Zaitseva, N. (2009). A polysaccharide extracted from Sphagnum moss as an antifungal agent in archaeological conservation [Trabajo de maestría, Queen´s University]. https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/thesescanada/vol2/002/MR65063.PDF?is_thesis=1&oclc_number=808922483
