Autores/as
Resumen
El manejo de poblaciones monosexo de machos de tilapias es una solución para las dificultades productivas mostradas por esta especie gracias a su precocidad reproductiva y menores tasas de desarrollo de las hembras. Una población monosexo controla la reproducción indeseada y brinda mayor uniformidad a los lotes, repercutiendo en los ciclos productivos, ganancias superiores y mayor rentabilidad. Se recogen los diferentes protocolos en los campos investigativos y productivos, por los cuales es posible desarrollar poblaciones monosexo de machos de tilapia, como la androgénesis, ginogénesis y GMT, reversión sexual.
Palabras clave:
Citas
ABUCAY, J.S.; MAIR, G.C.; SKIBINSKI, D.O.F. & BEARDMORE, J.A. 1999. Environmental sex determination: the effect of temperature and salinity on sex ratio in Oreochromis niloticus L. Journal Aquaculture, 173: 219–234.
AGROCADENAS. MINISTERIO DE AGRICULTURA Y DESARROLLO RURAL. 2005. La cadena de la piscicultura en Colombia, una mirada global de su estructura y dinámica 1991-2005. Documento de trabajo Nº 106. Bogotá D.C., Colombia.
ARBOLEDA-OBREGON, D.A. 2005. Reversion sexual de la tilapia roja (Oreochromis sp), una guía básica para el acuicultor. Revista electrónica de veterinaria, 6 (12). Desde http://www.veterinaria.org/revistas/redvet/n121205.html
ARIAS-RODRÍGUEZ, L.; RODRÍGUEZ-IBARRA, L.E. & DEL VALLE- PIGNATARO, G. 2004. Efecto de la radiación UV en la inactivación genética del esperma de Botete diana Sphoeroides annulatus (Jenyns, 1842). Journal Ciencias marinas, 30 (003): 391-402.
AZAZA, M.S.; DHRAÏEFA, M.N. & KRAÏEMA, M.M. 2008. Effects of water temperature on growth and sex ratio of juvenile Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus) reared in geothermal waters in southern Tunisia. Journal of Thermal Biology, 33 (2): 98-105.
BARAS, E.; JACOBS, B. & MELARD, C. 2001. Effect of water temperature on survival, growth and phenotypic sex of mixed (XX–XY) progenies of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Journal Aquaculture, 192: 187–199.
BAROILLER, J.F. & JALABERT, B. 1989. Contribution of research in reproductive physiology to the culture of tilapias. Journal Aquai. Liring Resour, 2 (2): 105-1 16.
BAROILLER, J.F.; CHOURROUT, D.; FOSTIER, A. & JALABERT, B. 1995. Temperature and sex chromosomes govern sex ratios of the mouthbrooding Cichlid fish Oreochromis niloticus. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 273 (3): 216-223.
BAROILLER, J.F.; D’COTTA, H.; BEZAULT, E.; WESSELS, S.; & HOERSTGEN-SCHWARK, G. 2009. Tilapia sex determination: Where temperature and genetics meet. Journal Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A, 153: 30–38.
BARRY, T.P.; MARWAH, A. & MARWAH, P. 2007. Stability of 17α methyltestosterone in fish feed. Journal Aquaculture, 271: 523–529.
BARTLEY, D.M.; RANA, K. & IMMINK. A.J. 2001. The Use of inter-specific hybrids in aquaculture and fisheries. Journal Reviews in fish biology and fisheries, 10 (3): 325-337.
BEARDMORE, J.A.; MAIR, G.C. & LEWIS, R.I. 2001. Monosex male production in finfish as exemplified by tilapia: applications, problems, and prospects. Journal Aquaculture, 197: 283-301.
BENFEY, T. 1999. The physiology and behavior of triploid fishes. Reviews in fisheries science, 7(1): 39–67.
BEZAULT, E.; CLOTA, F.; DERIVAZ, M.; CHEVASSUS, B. & BAROILLER, J.F. 2007. Sex determination and temperature-induced sex differentiation in three natural populations of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) adapted to extreme temperature conditions. Journal Aquaculture, 272 (1):3–16.
BISWAS, A.K.; MORITA, T.; YOSHIZAKI, G.; MAITA, M. & TAKEUCHI, T. 2005. Control of reproduction in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.) by photoperiod manipulation. Journal Aquaculture, 243: 229–239.
BOMBARDELLI, R.A. & HAYASHI, C. 2005. Masculinização de larvas de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus L.) a partir de banhos de imersão com 17 α-metiltestosterona .R. Bras. Zootec., 34 (2): 365-372.
BONGERS, A.B.J.; VELD, E.P.C.; ABO-HASHEMA, K.; BREMMER, I.M.; EDING, E.H.; KOMEN, J. & RICHTER, C.J.J. 1994. Androgenesis in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) using UV irradiation in a synthetic ovarian fluid and heat shocks. Journal Aquaculture, 122: 119–132.
CAL, R.M.; VIDAL, S.; MARTÍNEZ, P.; ÁLVAREZ–BLÁZQUEZ, B.; GÓMEZ, C.; & PIFERRER, F. 2006. Growth and gonadal development of gynogenetic diploid Scophthalmus maximus. Journal of Fish Biology, 68: 401–413.
CAMPOS-MENDOZA, A.; MCANDREWA, B.J.; COWARD, K. & BROMAGEA, N. 2004. Reproductive response of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) to photoperiodic manipulation; effects on spawning periodicity, fecundity and egg size. Journal Aquaculture, 231: 299–314.
CAMPOS-RAMOS, R.; HARVEY, S.C.; McANDREW, B.J. & PENMAN D.J. 2003. An investigation of sex determination in the Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus, using synaptonemal complex analysis, FISH, sex reversal and gynogenesis. Journal Aquaculture, 221: 125–140.
CHAKRABORTY, S.B. 2010. Comparative Growth Performance of Mixed-Sex and Monosex Nile Tilapia Population in Freshwater Cage Culture System under Indian Perspective. International Journal of Biology,2 (1) .
CHAKRABORTY, S.B. & BANERJEE, S. 2009. Culture of monosex nile tilapia under different traditional and non-traditional methods in India. World Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences, 1 (3): 212-217.
CHARO-KARISA, H.; REZKC, M.A.; BOVENHUISB, H. & KOMEN, H. 2005. Heritability of cold tolerance in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, juveniles. Journal Aquaculture, 249: 115–123.
CONTRERAS-SÁNCHEZ, W.M.; FITZPATRICK, M.S. & SCHRECK, C.B. 2001a. Masculinization of tilapia by immersion in trenbolone acetate: growth performance of trenbolone acetate–immersed tilapia. In: A. Gupta, K. McElwee, D. Burke, J. Burright, X. Cummings, and H. Egna (Editors), Eighteenth Annual Technical Report. Pond Dynamics/Aquaculture CRSP, Oregon State University, 43-46.
CONTRERAS-SÁNCHEZ, W.M.; FITZPATRICK, M.S. & SCHRECK, C.B. 2001b. Masculinization of tilapia by immersion in trenbolone acetate: detection of trenbolone acetate after treatment. In: A. Gupta, K. McElwee, D. Burke, J. Burright, X. Cummings, and H. Egna (Editors), Eighteenth Annual Technical Report. Pond Dynamics/Aquaculture CRSP, Oregon State University, 47-49.
CONTRERAS-SÁNCHEZ, W.M.; FITZPATRICK, M.S. & SCHRECK, C.B. 2001d. Fate of methyltestosterone in the pond environment: impact of MT-contaminated soil on tilapia sex differentiation. In: A. Gupta, K. McElwee, D. Burke, J. Burright, X. Cummings, and H. Egna (Editors), Eighteenth Annual Technical Report. Pond Dynamics/Aquaculture CRSP, Oregon State University, 83-86.
CONTRERAS-SÁNCHEZ, W.M.; FITZPATRICK, M.S. & SCHRECK, C.B. 2001c. Fate of methyltestosterone in the pond environment: detection of MT in pond soil from a CRSP site. In: A. Gupta, K. McElwee, D. Burke, J. Burright, X. Cummings, and H. Egna (Editors), Eighteenth Annual Technical Report. Pond Dynamics/Aquaculture CRSP, Oregon State University, pp. 79-82.
CORPORACIÓN COLOMBIA INTERNACIONAL (CCI). 2007. Sembramos a Colombia para el mundo. Cartilla sistemas agropecuarios. Encuesta nacional agropecuaria.
CRAVEDI, J.P.; DEOUS, G.; DEBRAUWER, L.; RAO, D. & PROME, D. 1993. Liquid chromatographic separation andgas-chromatographic mass-spectrometric determination of 17-alpha-methyltestosterone. Anal. Chim. Acta 275, 1–2: 89–94.
DABROWSKI, K.; RODRÍGUEZ, G.; ABIADO, M.A.; CONTRERAS-SÁNCHEZ, W. & CONTRERAS-GARCA, M. 2005. Use of phytochemicals as an environmentally friendly method to sex reverse nile tilapia. In: Burright, J; Flemming, C. and Egna, H. (Editors), Twenty-Second Annual Technical Report. Aquaculture CRSP, Oregon State University, 287-303.
DABROWSKI, K.; RODRÍGUEZ, G.; LEE, K.J.; ABIADO, M.A.G ; CONTRERAS-SÁNCHEZ, W.; MARQUEZCOUTURIER, G. & PHELPS, R. 2004. Studies on fate of methyltestosterone and its metabolites in tilapia and on the use of phytochemicals as an alternative method to produce a monosex population of tilapia. In: R. Harris, I. Courter, and H. Egna (Editors), Twenty-First Annual Technical Report. Aquaculture CRSP, Oregon State University, 53-60.
DESPREZ, D.; GÉRAZ, E.; HOAREAU, M.C.; MÉLARD, C.; BOSC, P. &BAROILLER, J.F. 2003a. Production of a high percentage of male offspring with a natural androgen, 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione (11βOHA4), in Florida red tilapia. Journal Aquaculture, 216: 55–65.
DESPREZ, D.; MÉLARD, C.; HOAREAU, M.C.; BELLEMÉNE, Y.; BOSC, P. & BAROILLER, J.F. 2003b. Inheritance of sex in two ZZ pseudofemale lines of tilapia Oreochromis aureus. Journal Aquaculture, 218: 131–140.
DEVLIN, R.H. & NAGAHAMA, Y. 2002. Sex determination and sex differentiation in fish: an overview of genetic, physiological, and environmental influences. Journal Aquaculture, 208: 191–364.
DRUMMOND, C.D.; SOLIS-MURGAS, L.D. & VICENTINI, B. 2009. Growth and survival of tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) submitted to different temperatures during the process of sex reversal. Journal Ciência e Agrotecnologia, 33(3): 895-902.
EZAZ, M.T. 2002. Analysis of sex determination in nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.): A molecular genetics approach: Thesis, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK.
EZAZ, M.T.; MYERS, J.M.; POWELL, S.F.; McANDREW, B.J. & PENMAN, D.J.2004. Sex ratios in the progeny of androgenetic and gynogenetic YY male Nile tilapia, (Oreochromis niloticus) L. Journal Aquaculture, 232: 205–214.
FELIP, A.; PIFERRER, F.; CARRILLO, M. & ZANUY, S. 2001a. Comparison of the gonadal development and plasma levels of sex steroid hormones in diploid and triploid sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax L. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 290: 384–395.
FELIP, A.; ZANUY, S.; CARRILLO, M. & PIFERRER, F. 2001b. Induction of triploidy and gynogenesis in teleost fish with emphasis on marine species. Journal Genetica, 111: 175–195.
FITZPATRICK, M.S.; CONTRERAS-SÁNCHEZ, W.M.; MILSTON, R.H.; HORNICK, FEIST, R.W. & SCHRECK, C.B. 1999. Effect of fish density on efficacy of masculinization by immersion in MDHT. In: K. McElwee, D. Burke, M. Niles, and H. Egna (Editors), Sixteenth Annual Technical Report. Pond Dynamics Aquaculture CRSP, Oregon State University, pp. 75-77.
FLÓREZ-MUÑOZ, V.F. 1994. Desarrollo científico y tecnológico de un banco de genoma de tilapia. Universidad autónoma Metropolitana.
GALBREATH, P.F. & SAMPLES, B.L. 2000. Optimization of thermal shock protocols for induction of triploidy in brook trout. North American journal of aquaculture, 62: 249–259.
GALE, W.L.; FITZPATRICK, M.S.; LUCERO, M.; CONTRERAS-SÁNCHEZ, W.M & SCHRECK, C.B. 1999. Masculinization of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) by immersion in androgens. Journal Aquaculture, 178: 349–357.
GUPTA, M.V. & ACOSTA, B.O. 2004. A review of global tilapia farming practices. Journal Aquaculture Asia, 9 (1): 7-12.
HAHN, C.M.; GIRALDO, C.E.; GRAJALES, A. & MARTÍNEZ, J.A. 2001. Utilización de Citrato de Tamoxifen para obtención de machos en tilapias (Oreochromis niloticus, Trewavas, 1981). Santagueda, Caldas, Colombia: Tesis, Universidad de Caldas, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Departamento de sistemas de Producción, Manizales.
HEPHER, B. 2005. Cultivo de peces comerciales. Mexico, D.F.: Editorial Limusa S.A, pp. 63–94.
HERRERA, A.A.; CRUZ, R.R. & THE FISH GENETICS BREEDING PROGRAM GENETIC MANIPULATION FOR IMPROVED TILAPIA PROJECT. 2001. Developmental biology of the supermale YY tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): Histogenesis of the reproductive system. Journal Science Diliman, 13 (1): 33-40.
HOMKLIN, S.; WATTANODORN, T.; KEE-ONG, S. & LIMPIYAKORN, T. 2009. Biodegradation of 17a-methyltestosterone and isolation of MT-degrading bacterium from sediment of Nile tilapia masculinization pond. Journal Water Science & Technology, 59 (2).
HURTADO, N. 2005. Inversión sexual en tilapias. Revisión bibliografica. Ingenierosconsultores. Lima–Perú.
IHSSEN, P.E.; McKAY, L.R.; McMILLAN, I. & PHILLIPS, R.B. 1990. Ploidy manipulation and gynogenesis in fishes: Cytogenetic and fisheries applications. American Fisheries Society, 119: 698-717.
IJIRI, S.; KANEKO, H.; KOBAYASHI, T.; WANG, D.S.; SAKAI, F.; PAUL- PRASANTH, B.; NAKAMURA, M. & NAGAHAMA, Y. 2008. Sexual dimorphic expression of genes in gonads during early differentiation of a teleost fish, the nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Journal Biology of Reproduction, 78 (2): 333-341.
INSTITUTO COLOMBIANO DE DESARROLLO RURAL–INCODER. 2006. Guía práctica de piscicultura en Colombia. Bogotá D.C., 37 –42.
INSTITUTO DE ACUACULTURA DE STIRLING. 2007. Producción de Tilapia. Panorama acuícola magazine. Mayo–Junio. Desde http://www.panoramaacuicola.com/ediciones/pam_12-4/48-55.pdf
JOHNSTONE, R. & STET, R.J.M. 1995. The production of gynogenetic Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Journal Theor. Appl. Genet., 90: 819-826.
JOHNSTONE, R.; MACINTOSH, D.J. & WRIGHT, R.S. 1983. Elimination of orally administered 17α-methyltestosterone by Oreochromis mossambicus (Tilapia) and Salmogairdneri (Rainbow trout) juveniles. Journal Aquaculture, 35: 249–257.
KARAYÜCEL, I.; EZAZ, T.; KARAYÜCEL, S.; MCANDREW, B.J. & PENMAN, D.J. 2004. Evidence for two unlinked ‘‘sex reversal’’ loci in the Nile tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus, and for linkage of one of these to the red body colour gene. Journal Aquaculture, 234: 51–63.
KOBAYASHI, T.; KAJIURA-KOBAYASHI, H. & NAGAHAMA, Y. 2003. Induction of XY sex reversal by estrogen involves altered gene expression in a teleost, tilapia. Journal Cytogenetic and Genome Research, 101: 89-294.
KOMEN, H. & THORGAARD, G. 2007. Androgenesis, gynogenesis and the production of clones in fishes: A review. Journal Aquaculture, 269: 150–173.
LI, G.L.; LIU, X.C. & LIN, H.R. 2006. Effects of aromatizable and nonaromatizable androgens on the sex inversion of red-spotted grouper (Epinephelus akaara). Journal Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 32: 25–33.
LIAO, I.C. & CHEN, T.P. 1983. Status and prospects of tilapia culture in Taiwan. Proceedings of the first international symposium on Tilapia in aquaculture, 8–13 May, Nazareth, Israel, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
LOGATO, P.V.R.; MURGAS, L.D.S. & DE SOUZA, F.O. 2004. Estudio del efecto de la relación macho hembra en la puesta natural y dosis de 17-∝-metiltestosterona en la reversión sexual de tilapia-del-nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) linaje tailandés. Journalan. Vet. (murcia), 20: 95-103.
LÓPEZ, C.A.; CARVAJAL, D.L. & BOTERO, M.C. 2007. Masculinización de tilapia roja (Oreochromis spp) por inmersión utilizando 17 alfa–metiltestosterona. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Pecuarias, 20: 318-326.
LUCKENBACH, J.A.; GODWIN, J.; DANIELS, H.V.; BEASLEY, J.M.; SULLIVAN, C.V. & BORSKI, R.J. 2004. Induction of diploid gynogenesis in southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) with homologous and heterologous sperm. Journal Aquaculture, 37: 499–516.
MACINTOSH, D.J. 2008. Risks associated with using methyl testosterone in tilapia farming. Desde http://media.sustainablefish.org/MT_WP.pdf
MACINTOSH, D.J.; VARGHESE, T.J. & RAO-SATYANARAYANA, G.P. 1985. Hormonal sex reversal of wildspawned tilapia in India. Journal of Fish Biology, 26(2): 87-94.
MACLEAN, N.1998. Genetic Manipulation of Farmed Fish In: Biology of Farmed Fish, Black, K & Pickering, A. Sheffield Academic Press.
MAINARDES-PINTO, C.S.R.; FENERICH-VERANI, N.; DE CAMPOS, B.E.S. E LIVRAMENTO-DA SILVA, A. 2000. Masculinização da tilápia do nilo, Oreochromis niloticus, utilizando diferentes rações e diferentes doses de 17 α-metiltestosterona. Rev. Bras. Zootec., 29 (3): 654-659.
MAIR, G.C.; ABUCAY, J.S.; SKIBINSKI, D.O.F.; ABELLA, T.A. & BEARDMORE, J.A. 1997. Genetic manipulation of sex ratio for the large scale production of all-male tilapia Oreochromis niloticus L. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 54(2): 396-404.
MAIR, G.C.; DAHILIG, L.R.; MORALES, E.J.; BEARDMORE, J.A. & SKIBINSKI, D.O.F. 1997. Application of genetic techniques for the production of monosex male tilapia in aquaculture: Early experiences from the Philippines. Proceedings of the Fourth Central America Symposium on Aquaculture, Tegucigalpa, Honduras, April 22-24, 225-227.
MANOSROI, J.; PETCHJUL, K. & MANOSROI, A. 2004. Effect of Fluoxymesterone Fish Feed Granule on Sex Reversal of the Hybrid, Thai Red Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Linn. x Oreochromis mossambicus Linn.). Journal Asian Fisheries Science, 17: 323-331.
MARJANI, M.; JAMILI, S.; MOSTAFAVI, P.G.; RAMIN, M. & MASHINCHIAN, A. 2009. Influence of 17-alpha methyl testosterone on masculinization and growth in tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). Journal of fisheries and aquatic science, 4 (1): 71-74.
MATEEN, A. & AHMED, I. 2007. Effect of androgen on sex reversal and growth of nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Journal Pak. J. Agri. Sci., 44 (2): 272-276.
MYERS, J.M.; PENMAN, D.J.; RANA, J.K.; BROMAGE, N.; POWELL, S.F. & MCANDREW, B.J. 1995. Applications of induced androgenesis with tilapia. Journal Aquaculture, 137: 150.
NAKAMURA, M. 1981. Effects of 11-ketotestosterone on gonadal sex differentiation in tilapia mossambica. Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, 47(10): 1323-1327.
NGUYEN, H.N.; KHAW, H.L.; PONZONI, R.W.; HAMZAH, A. & KAMARUZZAMAN, N. 2007. Can sexual dimorphism and body shape be altered in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) by genetic means?. Journal Aquaculture, 272: 38–46.
OWUSU-FRIMPONG, M. & NIJJHAR, B. 1981. Induced sex reversal in tilapia nilotica (cichlidae) with methyl testosterone. Journal Hydrobiologia, 78: 157-160.
PANDIAN, T.J. & KOTEESWARAN, R. 1998. Ploidy induction and sex control in fish. Journal Hydrobiologia, 384: 167–243.
PANDIAN, T.J. & SHEELA, G. 1995. Hormonal induction of sex reversal in fish. Journal Aquaculture, 138: l-22
PEÑA-MENDOZA, B.; J.L. GÓMEZ-MÁRQUEZ, I.H.; SALGADO-UGARTE & D. RAMÍREZ-NOGUERA. 2005. Reproductive biology of Oreochromis niloticus (Perciformes: Cichlidae) at Emiliano Zapata dam, Morelos, Mexico. Rev. Biol. Trop., 53 (3-4): 515-522.
PERSCHBACHER, P.W. 2007. Growth Performance of GMT and Mixed Sex Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus on Natural and Supplemental Feeds. Journal Asian Fisheries Science, 20: 425-431.
PERÚ. MINISTERIO DE COMERCIO EXTERIOR Y TURISMO DEL PERÚ - MINCETUR. 2004. Perfil de mercado y competitividad exportadora de la tilapia. 2004. Desde http://www.mincetur.gob.pe/comercio/otros/penx/pdfs/Tilapia.pdf
PHELPS, R.P. & POPMA, T.J. 2000. Sex reversal of tilapia. In: Costa-Pierce, B.A. & Rakocy, J.E. (Editors). Tilapia Aquaculture in the Americas. The World Aquaculture Society, 2: 34–59.
PHELPS, R.P.; ARNDT, J.T. & WARRINGTON, R.L. 1999. Masculinization of tilapia fry by immersion in trenbolone acetate (TBA) at a production level. In: K. McElwee, D. Burke, M. Niles, and H. Egna (Editors), Sixteenth Annual Technical Report. Pond Dynamics/Aquaculture CRSP, Oregon State University., pp.79-80.
PHELPS, R.P.; FITZPATRICK, M.S.; CONTRERAS-SÁNCHEZ, W.M.; WARRINGTON, R.L. & ARNDT, J.T. 2000. Detection of mt in pond water after treatment with MT food. In: K. McElwee, D. Burke, M. Niles, X. Cummings, and H. Egna (Editors), Seventeenth Annual Technical Report. Pond Dynamics/Aquaculture CRSP, Oregon State University, pp. 57-59.
PIFERRER, F. & DONALDSON, E.M. 1994. Uptake and clearance of exogenous estradiol-17-beta and testosterone during the early development of coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch, including eggs, alevins and fry. Journal Fish Physiol Biochem, 13(3): 219–232.
PILLAY, T.V.R. 2004. Acuicultura Principios y Prácticas. México D.F.: Editorial Limusa, 445–462.
POPMA, T.J. & GREEN, B.W. 1990. Aquaculture production manual: sex reversal of tilapia in earthen ponds. Research and Development Series No. 35. International Center for Aquaculture, Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University, AL, USA.
POPMA, T. & MASSER, M. 1999. Tilapia Life History and Biology. Southern Regional Aquaculture Center (SRAC), Publication No. 283.
RON, B.; SHIMODA, S.K.; IWAMA, G.K. & GRAU, E.G. 1995. Relationships among ration, salinity, 17α-methyltestosterone and growth in the euryhaline tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus. Journal Aquaculture, 135: 185-193.
ROUGEOT, C.; PRIGNON, C.; VALENCE, C.; KENGNE, N. MÉLARD, C. 2008. Effect of high temperature during embryogenesis on the sex differentiation process the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Journal Aquaculture, 276: 205-208.
ROWELL, C.B.; WATTS, S.A.; WIBBELS, T.; HINES, G.A. MAIR, G. 2002. Androgen and estrogen metabolism during sex differentiation in mono-sex populations of the nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Journal General and Comparative Endocrinolog, 12: 151–162.
SARDER, M.R.; PENMAN, D.J.; MYERS, J.M. & MCANDREW, B.J. 1999. Production and propagation of fully inbred clonal lines in the nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L). Journal of experimental zoology, 284: 675–685, 1999.
SCHEERER, P.D.; THORGAARD, G.H.; ALLENDORF, F.W. & KNUDSEN, K.L. 1986. Androgenetic rainbow trout produced from inbred and outbred sperm sources show similar survival. Journal Aquaculture, 57: 289–298.
SHEEHAN, R.; SHASTEEN, S. & SURESH, A. 1999. Better growth in all-female diploid and triploid rainbow trout. Journal American fisheries society,128: 491–498.
SHELTON, W.L. 2000. Methods for androgenesis techniques applicable to tilapia. In: K. McElwee, D. Burke, M. Niles, X. Cummings, and H. Egna (Editors), Seventeenth Annual Technical Report. Pond Dynamics/Aquaculture CRSP, Oregon State University, pp. 51-55.
STANLEY, J.G. & JONES, J. B. 1976. Morphology of androgenetic and gynogenetic grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes). Journal Fish Biology, 9: 523–528.
SURESH, V. 2000. Últimos avances en el manejo de reproductores de tilapia. Revista acuatic, 10.
TACHIBANA, L.; CASTAGNOLLI, N.; PEZZATO, L.E.; BARROS, M.M.; DE BARROS-VALLE, J. E SIQUEIRA, M.R. 2004. Desempenho de diferentes linhagens de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) na fase de reversão sexual. Maringá, 26 (3): 305-311.
TAYAMEN, M.M. & SHELTON, W.L. 1978. Inducement of sex reversal in Sarotherodon niloticus (Linnaeus). Journal Aquaculture, 14 (4): 349-354.
TESSEMA, M.; MÜLLER-BELECKE, A. & HÖRSTGEN-SCHWARK, G. 2006. Effect of rearing temperatures on the sex ratios of Oreochromis niloticus populations. Journal Aquaculture, 258: 270–277.
THORGAARD, G.H.; SCHEERER, P.D.; HERSHBERGER, W.K. & MYERS, J.M. 1990. Androgenetic rainbow trout produced using sperm from tetraploid males show improved survival. Journal Aquaculture, 85: 215–221.
TOGUYENI, A.; FAUCONNEAU, B.; FOSTIER, A.; ABUCAY, J.; MAIR, G. & BAROILLER, J.F. 2002. Influence of sexual phenotype and genotype, and sex ratio on growth performances in tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Journal Aquaculture, 207: 249–261.
TSAI, C.L.; CHANG, S.L.; WANG, L.H. & CHAO, T.Y. 2003. Temperature influences the ontogenetic expression of aromatase and oestrogen receptor mRNA in the developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) brain. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 15: 97–102.
TSAI, C.L.; WANG, L.H.; CHANG, C.F. & KAO, C.C. 2000. Effects of Gonadal Steroids on Brain Serotonergic and Aromatase Activity During the Critical Period of Sexual Differentiation in Tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 49: 894-898.
TSAI, C.L.; WANG, L.H.; SHIUE, Y.L. & CHAO, T.Y. 2007. Influence of temperature on the ontogenetic expression of neural development-related genes from developing tilapia brain expressed sequence tags. Journal Marine Biotechnology, 9: 243–261.
TUAN, P.A.; LITTLE, D.C. & MAIR, G.C. 1998. Genotypic effects on comparative growth performance of all-male tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.). Journal Aquaculture, 59: 293–302.
TVEDT, H.B.; BENFEY, T.J.; MARTIN-ROBICHAUD, D.J.; McGOWAN, C. & REITH, M. 2006. Gynogenesis and sex determination in Atlantic Halibut (Hippoglossushippoglossus). Journal Aquaculture, 252: 573–583.
WASSERMANN, G.J. & AFONSO, L.O.B. 2003. Sex reversal in nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus) by androgen immersion. Journal Aquaculture Research, 34: 65-71.
WESSELS, S. & HÖRSTGEN-SCHWARK, G. 2007. Selection experiments to increase the proportion of males in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) by means of temperature treatment. Journal Aquaculture, 272 (1): 80–87.
WOHLFARTH, G.W. 1994. The unexploited potential of tilapia hybrids in aquaculture. Journal Aquacult fish manage, 25: 781–788.
YASUI, G.S.; DOS SANTOS, L.C.; SHIMODA, E.; PINTO-RIBEIRO-FILHO, O.; CALADO, L.L.; SARAIVA-FREITAS, A.; VAZQUEZ-VIDAL JR, M. E BARILE-FERREIRA, E. 2007. Masculinização de três linhagens de tilápias do Nilo utilizando o andrógeno sintético 17-α-metil-testosterona. Journal Zootecnia Tropical, 25 (4): 307-310.