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Publication Date: 2007-06-15
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Carmona, J. U. ., & Giraldo Murillo, C. E. . (2007). Pathobiology and medical treatment of the osteoarthritis in the horse. Revista Veterinaria Y Zootecnia (On Line), 1(1), 60–73. Retrieved from https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/vetzootec/article/view/5812
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Abstract
ABSTRACT: Equine osteoarthritis is a chronic disease characterized by synovitis, lameness, and functional impotence. The exact cause that incites the pathology remains unknown. Factors like continuous trauma, joint instability, synovitis-capsulitis and hypoxia could unchain its development. Medical treatment of equine osteoarthritis has included nonesteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids. Disease modifying osteoarthritis drugs like hyaluronan, polysulfated glycosaminoglicans, and pentosan polysulfate improve chondrocyte metabolism and upregulate extracellular matrix synthesis. Others less known substances like the inhibitor of subchondral osteolysis, tiludronate, seems to be a promising treatment for this pathology.
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References
Bertone, A.L.; Palmer, J.L. Synovial fluid cytokines and eicosanoids as markers of joint disease in horses. Veterinary Surgery, v.30, p.528-538, 2001.
Blanco, F.J.; Guitian, R.; Vazques-Martul, E. et al. Osteoarthritis chondrocytes die by apoptosis. Arthritis and Rheumatism, v.41, p.284-289, 1998.
Boom, R; Brama, P.A.J.; Kiers, G.H. et al. The influence of repeated arthrocentesis and exercise on matrix metalloproteinase and tumour necrosis factor activities in normal equine joints. Equine Veterinary Journal, v.36, n.2, p.155-159, 2004.
Carbone, L.D.; Nevitt, M.C.; Wildy, K. et al. The relationship of antiresorptive drug use to structural findings and symptoms of knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism, v.50, p.3516-3525, 2004.
Carter, J.; Kent, G.; Lane, J. et al. Managing Equine Joint Inflammation. Compendium Equine Edition, v.3A, p.2-15, 2007 (Suppl.2)
Chikanza, I.C.; Kozaki, D.; Chernajovsky, Y. The molecular and cellular basis of corticosteroid resistance. Journal of Endocrinologyn, v.179, p.301-310, 2003.
Davenport-Goodall, C.L.; Boston, R.C.; Richardson, D.W. Effects of insulin-like growth factor-II on the mitogenic and metabolic activities of equine articular cartilage with and without interleukin 1-. American Journal of Veterinary Research, v.65, p.238-244, 2004.
Denoix, J.M. Efficacy of tiludronate, a new bisphosphonate, in the treatment of navicular disease and bone spavin. A multicentric European clinical trial. Ippologia, v.13, p.7-9, 2002.
Denoix, J.M.; Thibaud, D.; Riccio, B. Tiludronate as a new therapeutic agent in the treatment of navicular disease: a double-blind placebo-crontrolled clinical trial. Equine Veterinary Journal, v.35, p.407-413, 2003.
Doschak, M.R.; Wohl, G.R.; Hanley, D.A. et al. Antiresorptive therapy conserves some periarticular bone and ligament mechanical properties after anterior cruciate ligament disruption in the rabbit knee. Journal of Orthopedic Research, v.22, p.942-948, 2004.
Fenton, J.I.; Chlebek-Brown, K.A.; Peters, T.L. et al. Glucosamine HCL reduces equine articular cartilage degradation in explant culture. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, v.8, p.258-265, 2000.
Fernandes, J.C.; Martell-Pelletier, J.; Pelletier, J.P. The role of cytokines in osteoarthritis pathophysiology. Biorheology, v.39, n.1-2, p.237-246, 2002.
Fortier, L.A.; Nixon, A.J.; Mohammed, H.O. et al. Altered biological activity of equine chondrocytes cultured in a three-dimensional fibrin matrix and supplemented with transforming growth factor beta-1. American Journal of Veterinary Research, v.58, p.66-70, 1997.
Fortier, L.A.; Mohammed, H.O.; Lust, G. et al. Insulin- like growth enhances cell-based repair of articular cartilage. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (Br), v.84, n.2, p.276-288, 2004.
Frean, S.P.; Abraham, L.A.; Lees, P. In vitro stimulation of equine articular cartilage proteoglycans synthesis by hyaluronan and carprofen. Research in Veterinary Science, v.67, p.181-188, 1999.
Frisbie, D.D.; Sandler, E.A.; Trotter, G.W. et al. Metabolic and mitogenic activities of insulin-like growth factor- 1 in interleukin-1-conditioned equine cartilage. American Journal of Veterinary Research, v.6, p.1436-441, 2000.
Fujita, T.; Fuji, Y.; Okada, S.F. et al. Analgesic effect of etidronate on degenerative joint disease. Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism, v.19, p.251-256, 2001.
Giatromanolaki, A.; Sivridis, E.; Maltezos, E. et al. Upregulated hypoxia inducible factor-1 and 2a pathway in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Arthritis Research and Therapy, v.5, n.4, p.193-201, 2003.
Hayami T., Pickarski M., Wesolowski G.A. The role of subchondral bone remodeling in osteoarthritis: reduction of cartilage degeneration and prevention of osteophyte formation by alendronate in the rat anterior cruciate ligament transection model. Arthritis and Rheumatism. v.50, n. 4, p. 1193-1206, 2004.
Howard, R.D.; McIIwraith, C.W. Hyaluronan and its use in the treatment of equine joint disease. In: McIIwraith, C.W.; Trotter, G.W. (eds). Joint disease in the horse. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company, 1996. p.270-280.
Iqbal, J.; Dudhia, J.; Bird, J.L. et al. Age-related effects of TGF- on proteoglycan synthesis in equine articular cartilage. Biochemical Biophysical Research Communications, v.274, p.467-471, 2000.
Kawckak, C.E.; McIIwraith, C.W.; Norrdin, R.W. et al. The role of subchondral bone in joint disease: a review. Equine Veterinary Journal, v.33, n2, p.120-126, 2001.
Kim, D.Y.; Taylor, H.W.; Moore, R.M. et al. Articular chondrocyte apoptosis in equine osteoarthritis. The Veterinary Journal, v.166, p.52-57, 2003.
Little, C.; Ghosh, P. Potential use of pentosan polysulfate for the treatment of equine joint disease. In: McIIwraith, C.W.; Trotter G.W. (eds). Joint disease in the horse. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company, 1996. p.257-269.
Malemud, C.J.; Islam, N.; Haqqi, T.M. Pathophysiological mechanisms in osteoarthritis lead to novel therapeutic strategies. Cells Tissues and Organs, v.174, n.1-2, p.34-48, 2003.
Malone, E.D. Managing chronic arthritis. Veterinary Clinics: Equine, v.18, p.411-437, 2002.
May, S.A. Animal models and other experimental systems in the investigation of equine arthritis. In: McIIwraith C.W.; Trotter G.W. (eds). Joint disease in the horse. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company, 1996. p.421-440.
May, S.A.; Lees, P. Nonsteroidal anti-inflamatory drugs. In: McIIwraith C.W.; Trotter G.W. (eds). Joint disease in the horse. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company, 1996. p.223-237.
Mcllwraith, C.W. General pathobiology of the joint and response to injury. In: McIIwraith C.W, Trotter G.W. (eds): Joint disease in the horse. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company, 1996. p.40-70.
Mertens, W.D.; MacLead, J.N.; Fubini, L. et al. Polysulphated glycosaminoglycans modulate transcription of interleukin-1 treated chondrocytes in monolayer culture. Veterinary and Comparative Orthopedics and Traumatology, v.16, n.2, p.93-98, 2003.
Nixon, A.J.; Brower-Toland, B.D.; Sandel, L.J. Primary nucleotide structure of predominant and alternate splice forms of equine insuline-like growth factor I and their gene expression patterns in tissues. American Journal of Veterinary Research, v.60, p.1234-1241, 1999.
Palmer, J.L.; Bertone, A.L. Joint structure, biochemistry and biochemical disequilibrium in synovitis and equine joint disease. Equine Veterinary Journal, v.26, n.4, p.263-277, 1994.
Platt, D. Articular cartilage homeostasis and the role of growth factors and cytokines in regulating matrix composition. In: McIIwraith C.W.; Trotter G.W. (eds). Joint disease in the horse. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company, 1996. p.29-40.
Platt, D.; Bayliss, M.T. Proteoglycan metabolism of equine articular cartilage and its modulation by insulin-like growth factors. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, v.18, n.2, p.141-149, 1995.
Pool, R.R. Pathologic manifestations of joint disease in the athletic horse. In: McIIwraith C.W.; Trotter G.W. (eds). Joint disease in the horse. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company, 1996. p.87-104.
Popot, M.A.; Bonnaire, J.; Guéchot, J. et al. Hyaluronan in horses: physiological production rate, plasma and Synovial fluid concentrations in control conditions and following sodium hyaluronate administration. Equine Veterinary Journal, v.36, n.6, p.482-487, 2004.
Punzi, L.; Caló, L.; Plebani, M. Clinical Significance of cytokine determination in synovial fluid. Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Science, v.39, n1, p.63-88, 2002.
Schlueter, A.E.; Orth, M.W. Futrther studies on the ability of glucosamine and chondroitin sulphate to regulate catabolic mediators in vitro. Equine Veterinary Journal, v.36, n.7, p.634-636, 2004.
Simmons, D.L. Variants of cyclooxygenase-1 and their roles in medicine. Thrombosis Research, v.110, n.5- 6, p.265-268, 2003.
Simmons, J.E.; Bertone, A.L.; Hardy, J. et al. Nitric oxide synthase activity in healthy and interleukin 1-exposed equine synovial membrane. American Journal of Veterinary Research, v.60, p.714-716, 1998.
Trotter, G.W. Intra-articular corticosteroids. In: McIIwraith, C.W.; Trotter, G.W. (eds). Joint disease in the horse. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company, 1996a. p.237-256.
Polysulfated glycosaminoglican (Adequan). In: McIIwraith, C.W.; Trotter, G.W. (eds). Joint disease in the horse. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company, 1996b. p.270-280.
Tung, J.T.; Arnold, C.E.; Alexander, L.H. et al. Evaluation of the influence of prostaglandin E2 on recombinant equine interleukin-1stimulated matrix metalloproteinases 1, 3, and 13 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 1 expression in equine chondrocyte cultures. American Journal of Veterinary Research, v.63, n.7, p.987-993, 2002a.
Tung, J.T.; Venta, P.J.; Caron, J.P. Inducible oxide nitric expression in equine articular chondrocytes: effects of antiinflammatory compounds. Osteoarthritis Cartilage, v.10, n.8, p.5-12, 2002b.
Tung, J.T.; Venta, P.J.; Eberhart, S.W. et al. Effects of anti- arthritis preparations on gene expression and enzyme activity of cyclooxygenase-2 in cultured equine chondrocytes. American Journal of Veterinary Research, v.63, n.8, p.1134-1139, 2002c.
Van Miert A.S.J. Present concepts on the inflammatory modulators with special reference to cytokines. Veterinary Research Communications, V.26, p.111- 126, 2002.
Vaz, A. Double-blind clinical evaluation of the relative efficacy of ibuprofen and and glucosamine sulphate in the management of osteoarthritis of the knee in out- patients. Current Medical Research Opinion, v.8, p.145-149, 1982.
Warner, T.D.; Giuliano, F.; Vojnovic, I. et al. Nonsteroidal drug selectivities for cyclo-oxygenase-1 rather than cyclo-oxygenase-2 are associated with human gastrointestinal toxicity: a full in vitro analysis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, v.96, n.13, p.7563-7568, 1999.
Blanco, F.J.; Guitian, R.; Vazques-Martul, E. et al. Osteoarthritis chondrocytes die by apoptosis. Arthritis and Rheumatism, v.41, p.284-289, 1998.
Boom, R; Brama, P.A.J.; Kiers, G.H. et al. The influence of repeated arthrocentesis and exercise on matrix metalloproteinase and tumour necrosis factor activities in normal equine joints. Equine Veterinary Journal, v.36, n.2, p.155-159, 2004.
Carbone, L.D.; Nevitt, M.C.; Wildy, K. et al. The relationship of antiresorptive drug use to structural findings and symptoms of knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism, v.50, p.3516-3525, 2004.
Carter, J.; Kent, G.; Lane, J. et al. Managing Equine Joint Inflammation. Compendium Equine Edition, v.3A, p.2-15, 2007 (Suppl.2)
Chikanza, I.C.; Kozaki, D.; Chernajovsky, Y. The molecular and cellular basis of corticosteroid resistance. Journal of Endocrinologyn, v.179, p.301-310, 2003.
Davenport-Goodall, C.L.; Boston, R.C.; Richardson, D.W. Effects of insulin-like growth factor-II on the mitogenic and metabolic activities of equine articular cartilage with and without interleukin 1-. American Journal of Veterinary Research, v.65, p.238-244, 2004.
Denoix, J.M. Efficacy of tiludronate, a new bisphosphonate, in the treatment of navicular disease and bone spavin. A multicentric European clinical trial. Ippologia, v.13, p.7-9, 2002.
Denoix, J.M.; Thibaud, D.; Riccio, B. Tiludronate as a new therapeutic agent in the treatment of navicular disease: a double-blind placebo-crontrolled clinical trial. Equine Veterinary Journal, v.35, p.407-413, 2003.
Doschak, M.R.; Wohl, G.R.; Hanley, D.A. et al. Antiresorptive therapy conserves some periarticular bone and ligament mechanical properties after anterior cruciate ligament disruption in the rabbit knee. Journal of Orthopedic Research, v.22, p.942-948, 2004.
Fenton, J.I.; Chlebek-Brown, K.A.; Peters, T.L. et al. Glucosamine HCL reduces equine articular cartilage degradation in explant culture. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, v.8, p.258-265, 2000.
Fernandes, J.C.; Martell-Pelletier, J.; Pelletier, J.P. The role of cytokines in osteoarthritis pathophysiology. Biorheology, v.39, n.1-2, p.237-246, 2002.
Fortier, L.A.; Nixon, A.J.; Mohammed, H.O. et al. Altered biological activity of equine chondrocytes cultured in a three-dimensional fibrin matrix and supplemented with transforming growth factor beta-1. American Journal of Veterinary Research, v.58, p.66-70, 1997.
Fortier, L.A.; Mohammed, H.O.; Lust, G. et al. Insulin- like growth enhances cell-based repair of articular cartilage. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (Br), v.84, n.2, p.276-288, 2004.
Frean, S.P.; Abraham, L.A.; Lees, P. In vitro stimulation of equine articular cartilage proteoglycans synthesis by hyaluronan and carprofen. Research in Veterinary Science, v.67, p.181-188, 1999.
Frisbie, D.D.; Sandler, E.A.; Trotter, G.W. et al. Metabolic and mitogenic activities of insulin-like growth factor- 1 in interleukin-1-conditioned equine cartilage. American Journal of Veterinary Research, v.6, p.1436-441, 2000.
Fujita, T.; Fuji, Y.; Okada, S.F. et al. Analgesic effect of etidronate on degenerative joint disease. Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism, v.19, p.251-256, 2001.
Giatromanolaki, A.; Sivridis, E.; Maltezos, E. et al. Upregulated hypoxia inducible factor-1 and 2a pathway in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Arthritis Research and Therapy, v.5, n.4, p.193-201, 2003.
Hayami T., Pickarski M., Wesolowski G.A. The role of subchondral bone remodeling in osteoarthritis: reduction of cartilage degeneration and prevention of osteophyte formation by alendronate in the rat anterior cruciate ligament transection model. Arthritis and Rheumatism. v.50, n. 4, p. 1193-1206, 2004.
Howard, R.D.; McIIwraith, C.W. Hyaluronan and its use in the treatment of equine joint disease. In: McIIwraith, C.W.; Trotter, G.W. (eds). Joint disease in the horse. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company, 1996. p.270-280.
Iqbal, J.; Dudhia, J.; Bird, J.L. et al. Age-related effects of TGF- on proteoglycan synthesis in equine articular cartilage. Biochemical Biophysical Research Communications, v.274, p.467-471, 2000.
Kawckak, C.E.; McIIwraith, C.W.; Norrdin, R.W. et al. The role of subchondral bone in joint disease: a review. Equine Veterinary Journal, v.33, n2, p.120-126, 2001.
Kim, D.Y.; Taylor, H.W.; Moore, R.M. et al. Articular chondrocyte apoptosis in equine osteoarthritis. The Veterinary Journal, v.166, p.52-57, 2003.
Little, C.; Ghosh, P. Potential use of pentosan polysulfate for the treatment of equine joint disease. In: McIIwraith, C.W.; Trotter G.W. (eds). Joint disease in the horse. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company, 1996. p.257-269.
Malemud, C.J.; Islam, N.; Haqqi, T.M. Pathophysiological mechanisms in osteoarthritis lead to novel therapeutic strategies. Cells Tissues and Organs, v.174, n.1-2, p.34-48, 2003.
Malone, E.D. Managing chronic arthritis. Veterinary Clinics: Equine, v.18, p.411-437, 2002.
May, S.A. Animal models and other experimental systems in the investigation of equine arthritis. In: McIIwraith C.W.; Trotter G.W. (eds). Joint disease in the horse. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company, 1996. p.421-440.
May, S.A.; Lees, P. Nonsteroidal anti-inflamatory drugs. In: McIIwraith C.W.; Trotter G.W. (eds). Joint disease in the horse. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company, 1996. p.223-237.
Mcllwraith, C.W. General pathobiology of the joint and response to injury. In: McIIwraith C.W, Trotter G.W. (eds): Joint disease in the horse. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company, 1996. p.40-70.
Mertens, W.D.; MacLead, J.N.; Fubini, L. et al. Polysulphated glycosaminoglycans modulate transcription of interleukin-1 treated chondrocytes in monolayer culture. Veterinary and Comparative Orthopedics and Traumatology, v.16, n.2, p.93-98, 2003.
Nixon, A.J.; Brower-Toland, B.D.; Sandel, L.J. Primary nucleotide structure of predominant and alternate splice forms of equine insuline-like growth factor I and their gene expression patterns in tissues. American Journal of Veterinary Research, v.60, p.1234-1241, 1999.
Palmer, J.L.; Bertone, A.L. Joint structure, biochemistry and biochemical disequilibrium in synovitis and equine joint disease. Equine Veterinary Journal, v.26, n.4, p.263-277, 1994.
Platt, D. Articular cartilage homeostasis and the role of growth factors and cytokines in regulating matrix composition. In: McIIwraith C.W.; Trotter G.W. (eds). Joint disease in the horse. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company, 1996. p.29-40.
Platt, D.; Bayliss, M.T. Proteoglycan metabolism of equine articular cartilage and its modulation by insulin-like growth factors. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, v.18, n.2, p.141-149, 1995.
Pool, R.R. Pathologic manifestations of joint disease in the athletic horse. In: McIIwraith C.W.; Trotter G.W. (eds). Joint disease in the horse. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company, 1996. p.87-104.
Popot, M.A.; Bonnaire, J.; Guéchot, J. et al. Hyaluronan in horses: physiological production rate, plasma and Synovial fluid concentrations in control conditions and following sodium hyaluronate administration. Equine Veterinary Journal, v.36, n.6, p.482-487, 2004.
Punzi, L.; Caló, L.; Plebani, M. Clinical Significance of cytokine determination in synovial fluid. Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Science, v.39, n1, p.63-88, 2002.
Schlueter, A.E.; Orth, M.W. Futrther studies on the ability of glucosamine and chondroitin sulphate to regulate catabolic mediators in vitro. Equine Veterinary Journal, v.36, n.7, p.634-636, 2004.
Simmons, D.L. Variants of cyclooxygenase-1 and their roles in medicine. Thrombosis Research, v.110, n.5- 6, p.265-268, 2003.
Simmons, J.E.; Bertone, A.L.; Hardy, J. et al. Nitric oxide synthase activity in healthy and interleukin 1-exposed equine synovial membrane. American Journal of Veterinary Research, v.60, p.714-716, 1998.
Trotter, G.W. Intra-articular corticosteroids. In: McIIwraith, C.W.; Trotter, G.W. (eds). Joint disease in the horse. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company, 1996a. p.237-256.
Polysulfated glycosaminoglican (Adequan). In: McIIwraith, C.W.; Trotter, G.W. (eds). Joint disease in the horse. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company, 1996b. p.270-280.
Tung, J.T.; Arnold, C.E.; Alexander, L.H. et al. Evaluation of the influence of prostaglandin E2 on recombinant equine interleukin-1stimulated matrix metalloproteinases 1, 3, and 13 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 1 expression in equine chondrocyte cultures. American Journal of Veterinary Research, v.63, n.7, p.987-993, 2002a.
Tung, J.T.; Venta, P.J.; Caron, J.P. Inducible oxide nitric expression in equine articular chondrocytes: effects of antiinflammatory compounds. Osteoarthritis Cartilage, v.10, n.8, p.5-12, 2002b.
Tung, J.T.; Venta, P.J.; Eberhart, S.W. et al. Effects of anti- arthritis preparations on gene expression and enzyme activity of cyclooxygenase-2 in cultured equine chondrocytes. American Journal of Veterinary Research, v.63, n.8, p.1134-1139, 2002c.
Van Miert A.S.J. Present concepts on the inflammatory modulators with special reference to cytokines. Veterinary Research Communications, V.26, p.111- 126, 2002.
Vaz, A. Double-blind clinical evaluation of the relative efficacy of ibuprofen and and glucosamine sulphate in the management of osteoarthritis of the knee in out- patients. Current Medical Research Opinion, v.8, p.145-149, 1982.
Warner, T.D.; Giuliano, F.; Vojnovic, I. et al. Nonsteroidal drug selectivities for cyclo-oxygenase-1 rather than cyclo-oxygenase-2 are associated with human gastrointestinal toxicity: a full in vitro analysis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, v.96, n.13, p.7563-7568, 1999.
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