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Publication Date: 2010-06-18
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Osorio, J. H., Uribe Velásquez, . L. F., & Suárez, Y. J. . (2010). Lipid metabolism in canine in the health - disease context . Revista Veterinaria Y Zootecnia (On Line), 4(1), 83–97. Retrieved from https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/vetzootec/article/view/5617
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Abstract
ABSTRACT: The objective of this article is to update concepts related to lipid metabolism, as well as its normal and altered behavior in canines. Available literature from the last 50 years included in the BBCSLILACS, Fuente Académica, IB-PsycINFO, IB-SSCI, IB-SciELO, Scopus and Scirus, databases as well as historical articles , texts and references cited in work published to date were analyzed. Important information related to the objectives proposed in this review was found, reason why it can be divided into three sections as follows: digestion and absorption of lipids, lipoproteins (lp), and pathologies associated to lipid metabolism. Overweight and obesity in canines are related to a series of pathologies risking the animals’ quality of life, such as diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, pancreatitis and obesity among others, bringing into account the relationship of those pathologies with genetic, breeding, sex, age and environment.
References
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Ballut, J.C. ; Mieres, M.L. Hipotiroidismo canino,presentación de un caso atípico. Revista MVZCórdoba, v.9, n.2, p.451-453, 2004.
Bauer, J.E.; Nagaoka, D.; Porterpan B. et al.Postprandial Lipolytic Activities, Lipids, andCarbohydrate Metabolism Are Altered in DogsFed Diacylglycerol Meals Containing High- andLow-Glycemic-Index Starches. The Journal ofNutrition, v.136, n.7, p.1955-1958, 2006.
Bergman, E.N.; Havel, R.J.; Wolfe, B.M.; Bohmer,T. Quantitative Studies of the Metabolism ofChylomicron Triglycerides and Cholesterol byLiver and Extrahepatic Tissues of Sheep andDogs. The Journal of Clinical Investigation,v.50, n.9, p.1831-1839, 1971.
Breininger, E. ; Pintos, L. Transporte de Lípidos yPatologías Asociadas Al Metabolismo Lipídico.Laboratorio de Lípidos y Proteínas del ÁreaQuímica Biológica de la Faculta de CienciasVeterinarias de la Universidad de BuenosAires (UBA), 2007. Disponible en: http://www.portaldog.com.ar/textos/Metabolismo_de_lipidos_en_caninos.htm Accesado en:25/09/2008.
Briand, F.; Bailhache, E.; andre, A. et al. Thehyperenergetic-fed obese dog, a model ofdisturbance of apolipoprotein B-100 metabolismassociated with insulin resistance: kinetic studyusing stable isotopes. Metabolism, v.57, n.7,p.966-972, 2008.
Case, L.P.; Carey, D.P.; Daristotle, L.; Hirakawa,D.A. Nutrición Canina y Felina. 2. ed. Madrid,España: Harcourt, 2001. 592p.
Catchpole, B.; Ristic, J.M.; Fleeman, L.M.; Davison,L.J. Canine diabetes mellitus: can old dogs teachus new tricks? The Journal of Diabetologia,v.48, p.1948-1956, 2005.
Chikamune, T.; Katamoto, H.; Nomura, K.; Ohashi, F.Lipoprotein profile in canine pancreatitis inducedwith oleic acid. The Journal of VeterinaryMedical Science, v.60, n.4, p.413-421, 1998.
Church, D.C.; Pond, W.G.; Pond, K.R. Fundamentosde Nutrición y Alimentación de Animales. 2.ed. México: Limusa Wiley, 2001. 635p.
Coppo, N.B.; Coppo, J.A.; Lazarte, M.A. Intervalosde confianza para colesterol ligado a lipoproteínas de alta y baja densidad en suero debovinos, equinos, porcinos y caninos. RevistaVeterinaria, v.14, n.1, p.1-8, 2003.
Downs, L.G.; Crispin, S.M.; Legrande-Defretin V. etal. The effect of dietary changes on plasma lipidsand lipoproteins of six Labrador Retrievers.Research in Veterinary Science, v.63, n.2,p.175-181, 1997.
Fleeman, L.M.; Rand, J. Diabetes Mellitus Canina:Estrategia Nutricional. In: Pibot, P.; Biourge,V.; Elliott, D. Enciclopedia de la NutriciónClínica Canina. Royal Canin. Ed. Aniwa Pub.Paris, 2008. p.203-233.
Fleeman, L.M. Is hyperlipidemia clinically importantin dogs? The Veterinary Journal, v.138, n.1,p.10, 2010.
Ford, R.B. Idiopathic hyperchylomicronaemia inminiature schnauzers.The Journal Small AnimalPractic, v.34, p.488-492, 1993.
German, A.J.; Ryan, V.H.; German, A.C.; Wood, I.S.et al. Obesity, its associated disorders and therole of inflammatory adipokines in companion animals. The Veterinary Journal, v.185, n.1, p.4-9, 2010.
Graham, P.A.; Refsal, K.R.; Raymond F.N. Aspectos Etiopatológicos del Hipotiroidismo Canino. Vet Clin Small Anim, v.37, p.617- 631, 2007.
Herrera, E. Bioquímica. Aspectos Estructurales y Vías Metabólicas. Biología molecular y Bioquímica fisiológica. Vol. 2. 2. ed. Madrid, España: McGraw-Hill/Interamericana, 1991. 688p.
Hess, R.S.; Kass, P.H.; Winkle, T.V. Association between Diabetes Mellitus, Hypothyroidism or Hyperadrnocorticism, and Atherosclerosis in Dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, v.17, p.489-494, 2003.
Holm, J.L.; Chan, D.L.; Rozanski, E.A. Acute pancreatitis in dogs. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care, v.13, n.4, p.201- 213, 2003.
Hoskins, J.D. Monitor serum concentrations of triglyceride or cholesterol for hyperlipidemia. DVM Newsmagazine of Veterinary Medicine, v.32, n.7, p.25-28, 2001.
Jeusette, I.C.; Grauwels, M.; Cuvelier, E. et al. Hypercholesterolaemia in a family of rough collie dogs. Journal Small Animal Practic, v.45, n.6, p.319-343, 2004.
Jeusette, I.C.; Lhoest E.T.; Istasse, L.Pl. Influence of obesity on plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in dogs. Am J Vet Res, v.66, n.1, p.81-87, 2005.
Kagawa, Y.; Hirayama, K.; Uchida, E. et al. Systemic aterosclerosis in dogs: histopathological and immunohistochemical studies of atherosclerotic lesions. Journal of Comparative Pathology, v.118, n.3, p.195-206, 1998.
King, M.W. Introduction to Cholesterol Metabolism. The Medical Biochemistry Page Org, 2011a. Disponible en: http:// themedicalbiochemistrypage.org_ /cholesterol. html Accesado en: 19/07/2011.
King, M.W. Lipoproteins. The Medical Biochemistry Page Org, 2011b. Disponible en: http:// themedicalbiochemistrypage.org/lipoproteins. html Accesado en: 20/07/2011.
Kirk, R.W.; Bonagura, J.D. Terapéutica Veterinaria de Pequeños Animales. 13. ed. Madrid, España: McGraw-Hill, 2001. 756p.
Lumiñana, C.M. Diagnóstico de hipotiroidismo canino e hipertiroidismo felino. Revista Vector Plus, v.13, p.4-18, 1999.
Lyman, R. Hypertriglyceridemia in epileptic dogs, its causes and its relationships to common drug treatments. DVM Newsmagazine of Veterinary Medicine, 2009. Disponible en: http://veterinarynews.dvm360.com/dvm/article/ articleDetail.jsp?id=591638 Accesado en: 22/02/2010.
MacGregor, J.M.; Rozanski, E.A.; McCarthy, R.J. et al. Cholesterol- Based pericardial effusion and aortic thromboembolism in a 9 – year – old mixed – breed dog with Hypothyroidism. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, v.18, p.354-358, 2004.
Maggs, D.J.; Miller, P.E.; Ofri, R. Fundamentos de Oftalmología Veterinaria. 4. ed. España: Elsevier, 2009. 488p.
Maldonado�, E.N.; Romero, J.R.; Ochoa, B.; Aveldaño M.I. Lipid And Fatty Acid Composition of Canine Lipoproteins. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, v.128, n.4, p.719-729, 2001.
Maldonado, E.N.; Casanave, E.B.; Aveldaño, M.I. Major plasma lipids and fatty acids in four HDL mammals. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, v.132, n.2, p.297-303, 2002.
Manrique, C.; Silva, D.G. Apoptosis de las células beta del páncreas durante la diabetes de tipo 1. Revista Facultad de Medicina de La Universidad Nacional de Colombia, v.54, n.3, p.181-190, 2006.
Martin, L.J.; Siliart, B.; Dumon, H.J.; Nguyen, P.G. Hormonal disturbances associated with obesity in dog. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, v.90, p.355-360, 2006.
Matamoros, R.; Gómez, C.; Andaur, M. Hormonas de utilidad diagnóstica en Medicina Veterinaria. Arch. Med. Vet., v.34, n.2, 2002. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0301- 732X2002000200003&script= sci_arttext Accesado en: 18/11/2010.
Mazaki-Tovi, M.; Feuermann, Y.; Segev, G. et al. Increased serum leptin and insulin concentrations in canine hypothyroidism. The Veterinary Journal, v.183, p.109-114, 2010.
Montgomery, R. Bioquímica: Casos y Texto. 6. ed. Madrid, España: Harcourt/Brace,1998. 700p.
Mori, N.; Lee, P.; Muranaka, S.; Sagara, F.; Takemitsu, H.; Nishiyama, Y. et al. Predisposition for primary hyperlipidemia in Miniature Schnauzers and Shetland sheepdogs as compared to other canine breeds. Research in Veterinary Science, v.88, n.3, p.394-399, 2010.
Murray, R.K.; Granner, D.K.; Rodwell, V.W. Bioquímica de Harper. 17.ed. México: El Manual Moderno, 2007. 708p.
Nelson, R.W. Manual de medicina interna de pequeños animales. España: Elsevier, 2000. 894p.
Newsholme, E.A.; Leech, A.R. Bioquímica medica. Madrid. España: Interamericana - McGraw-Hill, 1986. 800p.
Osorio, J.H. Total cholesterol and HDL - cholesterol in aging dogs. Biosalud, v.5, p.19-24, 2006.
Osorio, J.H.; Giraldo, C.E. Perfil lipidico en caninos adultos obesos vs caninos adultos normales. Revista Veterinaria y Zootecnia De Caldas, v.11, n.1, p.7-10, 1999.
Pasquini, A.; Luchetti, E.; Cardini, G. Plasma lipoprotein concentration in the dog: the effects of gender, age, breed and diet. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, v.2, n.6, p.718-722, 2008.
Puppione, D.L.; Bassilian, S.; Souda, P.; MacDonald, M.H.; Hagland, F.; Whitelegge, J.P. Mass spectral analysis of the apolipoproteins on dog (Canis lupus familiaris) high density lipoproteins. Detection of apolipoprotein A-II. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part D Genomics proteomics, v.3, n.4, p.290- 296, 2008.
Rand, J.S; Fleeman, L.M; Farrow, H.A. et al. Canine and feline diabetes mellitus: nature or nurture? The Journal Of Nutrition, v.134, p.2072-2080, 2004.
Rigotti, A.; Krieger, M. Getting a handle on “good” cholesterol with the high-density lipoprotein receptor. The New England Journal of Medicine, v.341, n.26, p.2011-2013, 1999.
Sato, K.; Agoh, H.; Kaneshige, T. et al. Hypercholesterolemia in Shetland Sheepdgs. The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, v.62, n.12, p.1297-1301, 2000.
Schenck, P.A. Hiperlipidemia Canina y Manejo Nutricional. In: Pibot, P.; Biourge, V.; Elliott, D. Enciclopedia de la Nutrición Clínica Canina. Royal Canin. Ed. Aniwa Pub. Paris, 2008. p.237- 262.
Trápala, P.A. Hipotiroidismo canino. Revista Virbac Al Día: Actualización Científica y Tecnológica, .16, p.1-8, 2010.
Vitale, C.L.; Olby, N.J. Neurologic dysfunction in hypothyroid, hyperlipidemic labrador retrievers. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, v.21, p.1316-1322, 2007.
Watson, P.J.; Roulois, J.A.; Scase, P.E. et al. Prevalence and breed distribution of chronic pancreatitis at post-mortem examination in first – opinion dogs. Journal of Small Animal Practice, v.48, p.609- 618, 2007.
Webb, C.B. Troubleshooting the diabetic small animal patient. Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice, v.17, n.2, p.79-85, 2002.
Wright-Rodgers, A.S.; Waldron, M.K.; Bigley, K.E. et al. Dietary fatty acids alter Plasma Lipids and Lipoprotein Distributions in Dogs during Gestation. The Journal of Nutrition, v.135, n.9, p.2230-2236, 2005.
Xenouli, P.G.; Steiner, J.M. Lipid metabolism and hyperlipidemia in dogs. The Veterinary Journal, v.183, n.1, p.12-20, 2010.
Xenoulis, P.G.; Levinski, M.D.; Suchodolski, J.S.; Steiner, J.M. Serum triglyceride concentrations in Miniature Schnauzer with and without a history of probable pancreattis. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, v.25, p.20-25, 2011.
Xenoulis, P.G.; Suchodolski, J.A.; Levinski, M.D.; Steiner, J.M. Investigation of Hypertriglyceridemia in Healthy Miniature Schnauzers. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, v.21, n.6, p.1224-1230, 2007. s:
Attie, A.D. Lipoprotein/Cholesterol Metabolism.Encyclopedia of Physical Science andTechnology (Third Edition). Madison,Wisconsin, USA. 2004: 643-660.
Bailhache, E; Briand, F; Nguyen, P. et al. Metabolismof cholesterol ester of apolipoprotein B10-containing lipoproteins in dog: evidence fordisregarding colesterol ester transfer. EuropeanJournal of Clinical Investigation, v.34, p.527-534, 2004.
Ballut, J.C. ; Mieres, M.L. Hipotiroidismo canino,presentación de un caso atípico. Revista MVZCórdoba, v.9, n.2, p.451-453, 2004.
Bauer, J.E.; Nagaoka, D.; Porterpan B. et al.Postprandial Lipolytic Activities, Lipids, andCarbohydrate Metabolism Are Altered in DogsFed Diacylglycerol Meals Containing High- andLow-Glycemic-Index Starches. The Journal ofNutrition, v.136, n.7, p.1955-1958, 2006.
Bergman, E.N.; Havel, R.J.; Wolfe, B.M.; Bohmer,T. Quantitative Studies of the Metabolism ofChylomicron Triglycerides and Cholesterol byLiver and Extrahepatic Tissues of Sheep andDogs. The Journal of Clinical Investigation,v.50, n.9, p.1831-1839, 1971.
Breininger, E. ; Pintos, L. Transporte de Lípidos yPatologías Asociadas Al Metabolismo Lipídico.Laboratorio de Lípidos y Proteínas del ÁreaQuímica Biológica de la Faculta de CienciasVeterinarias de la Universidad de BuenosAires (UBA), 2007. Disponible en: http://www.portaldog.com.ar/textos/Metabolismo_de_lipidos_en_caninos.htm Accesado en:25/09/2008.
Briand, F.; Bailhache, E.; andre, A. et al. Thehyperenergetic-fed obese dog, a model ofdisturbance of apolipoprotein B-100 metabolismassociated with insulin resistance: kinetic studyusing stable isotopes. Metabolism, v.57, n.7,p.966-972, 2008.
Case, L.P.; Carey, D.P.; Daristotle, L.; Hirakawa,D.A. Nutrición Canina y Felina. 2. ed. Madrid,España: Harcourt, 2001. 592p.
Catchpole, B.; Ristic, J.M.; Fleeman, L.M.; Davison,L.J. Canine diabetes mellitus: can old dogs teachus new tricks? The Journal of Diabetologia,v.48, p.1948-1956, 2005.
Chikamune, T.; Katamoto, H.; Nomura, K.; Ohashi, F.Lipoprotein profile in canine pancreatitis inducedwith oleic acid. The Journal of VeterinaryMedical Science, v.60, n.4, p.413-421, 1998.
Church, D.C.; Pond, W.G.; Pond, K.R. Fundamentosde Nutrición y Alimentación de Animales. 2.ed. México: Limusa Wiley, 2001. 635p.
Coppo, N.B.; Coppo, J.A.; Lazarte, M.A. Intervalosde confianza para colesterol ligado a lipoproteínas de alta y baja densidad en suero debovinos, equinos, porcinos y caninos. RevistaVeterinaria, v.14, n.1, p.1-8, 2003.
Downs, L.G.; Crispin, S.M.; Legrande-Defretin V. etal. The effect of dietary changes on plasma lipidsand lipoproteins of six Labrador Retrievers.Research in Veterinary Science, v.63, n.2,p.175-181, 1997.
Fleeman, L.M.; Rand, J. Diabetes Mellitus Canina:Estrategia Nutricional. In: Pibot, P.; Biourge,V.; Elliott, D. Enciclopedia de la NutriciónClínica Canina. Royal Canin. Ed. Aniwa Pub.Paris, 2008. p.203-233.
Fleeman, L.M. Is hyperlipidemia clinically importantin dogs? The Veterinary Journal, v.138, n.1,p.10, 2010.
Ford, R.B. Idiopathic hyperchylomicronaemia inminiature schnauzers.The Journal Small AnimalPractic, v.34, p.488-492, 1993.
German, A.J.; Ryan, V.H.; German, A.C.; Wood, I.S.et al. Obesity, its associated disorders and therole of inflammatory adipokines in companion animals. The Veterinary Journal, v.185, n.1, p.4-9, 2010.
Graham, P.A.; Refsal, K.R.; Raymond F.N. Aspectos Etiopatológicos del Hipotiroidismo Canino. Vet Clin Small Anim, v.37, p.617- 631, 2007.
Herrera, E. Bioquímica. Aspectos Estructurales y Vías Metabólicas. Biología molecular y Bioquímica fisiológica. Vol. 2. 2. ed. Madrid, España: McGraw-Hill/Interamericana, 1991. 688p.
Hess, R.S.; Kass, P.H.; Winkle, T.V. Association between Diabetes Mellitus, Hypothyroidism or Hyperadrnocorticism, and Atherosclerosis in Dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, v.17, p.489-494, 2003.
Holm, J.L.; Chan, D.L.; Rozanski, E.A. Acute pancreatitis in dogs. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care, v.13, n.4, p.201- 213, 2003.
Hoskins, J.D. Monitor serum concentrations of triglyceride or cholesterol for hyperlipidemia. DVM Newsmagazine of Veterinary Medicine, v.32, n.7, p.25-28, 2001.
Jeusette, I.C.; Grauwels, M.; Cuvelier, E. et al. Hypercholesterolaemia in a family of rough collie dogs. Journal Small Animal Practic, v.45, n.6, p.319-343, 2004.
Jeusette, I.C.; Lhoest E.T.; Istasse, L.Pl. Influence of obesity on plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in dogs. Am J Vet Res, v.66, n.1, p.81-87, 2005.
Kagawa, Y.; Hirayama, K.; Uchida, E. et al. Systemic aterosclerosis in dogs: histopathological and immunohistochemical studies of atherosclerotic lesions. Journal of Comparative Pathology, v.118, n.3, p.195-206, 1998.
King, M.W. Introduction to Cholesterol Metabolism. The Medical Biochemistry Page Org, 2011a. Disponible en: http:// themedicalbiochemistrypage.org_ /cholesterol. html Accesado en: 19/07/2011.
King, M.W. Lipoproteins. The Medical Biochemistry Page Org, 2011b. Disponible en: http:// themedicalbiochemistrypage.org/lipoproteins. html Accesado en: 20/07/2011.
Kirk, R.W.; Bonagura, J.D. Terapéutica Veterinaria de Pequeños Animales. 13. ed. Madrid, España: McGraw-Hill, 2001. 756p.
Lumiñana, C.M. Diagnóstico de hipotiroidismo canino e hipertiroidismo felino. Revista Vector Plus, v.13, p.4-18, 1999.
Lyman, R. Hypertriglyceridemia in epileptic dogs, its causes and its relationships to common drug treatments. DVM Newsmagazine of Veterinary Medicine, 2009. Disponible en: http://veterinarynews.dvm360.com/dvm/article/ articleDetail.jsp?id=591638 Accesado en: 22/02/2010.
MacGregor, J.M.; Rozanski, E.A.; McCarthy, R.J. et al. Cholesterol- Based pericardial effusion and aortic thromboembolism in a 9 – year – old mixed – breed dog with Hypothyroidism. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, v.18, p.354-358, 2004.
Maggs, D.J.; Miller, P.E.; Ofri, R. Fundamentos de Oftalmología Veterinaria. 4. ed. España: Elsevier, 2009. 488p.
Maldonado�, E.N.; Romero, J.R.; Ochoa, B.; Aveldaño M.I. Lipid And Fatty Acid Composition of Canine Lipoproteins. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, v.128, n.4, p.719-729, 2001.
Maldonado, E.N.; Casanave, E.B.; Aveldaño, M.I. Major plasma lipids and fatty acids in four HDL mammals. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, v.132, n.2, p.297-303, 2002.
Manrique, C.; Silva, D.G. Apoptosis de las células beta del páncreas durante la diabetes de tipo 1. Revista Facultad de Medicina de La Universidad Nacional de Colombia, v.54, n.3, p.181-190, 2006.
Martin, L.J.; Siliart, B.; Dumon, H.J.; Nguyen, P.G. Hormonal disturbances associated with obesity in dog. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, v.90, p.355-360, 2006.
Matamoros, R.; Gómez, C.; Andaur, M. Hormonas de utilidad diagnóstica en Medicina Veterinaria. Arch. Med. Vet., v.34, n.2, 2002. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0301- 732X2002000200003&script= sci_arttext Accesado en: 18/11/2010.
Mazaki-Tovi, M.; Feuermann, Y.; Segev, G. et al. Increased serum leptin and insulin concentrations in canine hypothyroidism. The Veterinary Journal, v.183, p.109-114, 2010.
Montgomery, R. Bioquímica: Casos y Texto. 6. ed. Madrid, España: Harcourt/Brace,1998. 700p.
Mori, N.; Lee, P.; Muranaka, S.; Sagara, F.; Takemitsu, H.; Nishiyama, Y. et al. Predisposition for primary hyperlipidemia in Miniature Schnauzers and Shetland sheepdogs as compared to other canine breeds. Research in Veterinary Science, v.88, n.3, p.394-399, 2010.
Murray, R.K.; Granner, D.K.; Rodwell, V.W. Bioquímica de Harper. 17.ed. México: El Manual Moderno, 2007. 708p.
Nelson, R.W. Manual de medicina interna de pequeños animales. España: Elsevier, 2000. 894p.
Newsholme, E.A.; Leech, A.R. Bioquímica medica. Madrid. España: Interamericana - McGraw-Hill, 1986. 800p.
Osorio, J.H. Total cholesterol and HDL - cholesterol in aging dogs. Biosalud, v.5, p.19-24, 2006.
Osorio, J.H.; Giraldo, C.E. Perfil lipidico en caninos adultos obesos vs caninos adultos normales. Revista Veterinaria y Zootecnia De Caldas, v.11, n.1, p.7-10, 1999.
Pasquini, A.; Luchetti, E.; Cardini, G. Plasma lipoprotein concentration in the dog: the effects of gender, age, breed and diet. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, v.2, n.6, p.718-722, 2008.
Puppione, D.L.; Bassilian, S.; Souda, P.; MacDonald, M.H.; Hagland, F.; Whitelegge, J.P. Mass spectral analysis of the apolipoproteins on dog (Canis lupus familiaris) high density lipoproteins. Detection of apolipoprotein A-II. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part D Genomics proteomics, v.3, n.4, p.290- 296, 2008.
Rand, J.S; Fleeman, L.M; Farrow, H.A. et al. Canine and feline diabetes mellitus: nature or nurture? The Journal Of Nutrition, v.134, p.2072-2080, 2004.
Rigotti, A.; Krieger, M. Getting a handle on “good” cholesterol with the high-density lipoprotein receptor. The New England Journal of Medicine, v.341, n.26, p.2011-2013, 1999.
Sato, K.; Agoh, H.; Kaneshige, T. et al. Hypercholesterolemia in Shetland Sheepdgs. The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, v.62, n.12, p.1297-1301, 2000.
Schenck, P.A. Hiperlipidemia Canina y Manejo Nutricional. In: Pibot, P.; Biourge, V.; Elliott, D. Enciclopedia de la Nutrición Clínica Canina. Royal Canin. Ed. Aniwa Pub. Paris, 2008. p.237- 262.
Trápala, P.A. Hipotiroidismo canino. Revista Virbac Al Día: Actualización Científica y Tecnológica, .16, p.1-8, 2010.
Vitale, C.L.; Olby, N.J. Neurologic dysfunction in hypothyroid, hyperlipidemic labrador retrievers. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, v.21, p.1316-1322, 2007.
Watson, P.J.; Roulois, J.A.; Scase, P.E. et al. Prevalence and breed distribution of chronic pancreatitis at post-mortem examination in first – opinion dogs. Journal of Small Animal Practice, v.48, p.609- 618, 2007.
Webb, C.B. Troubleshooting the diabetic small animal patient. Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice, v.17, n.2, p.79-85, 2002.
Wright-Rodgers, A.S.; Waldron, M.K.; Bigley, K.E. et al. Dietary fatty acids alter Plasma Lipids and Lipoprotein Distributions in Dogs during Gestation. The Journal of Nutrition, v.135, n.9, p.2230-2236, 2005.
Xenouli, P.G.; Steiner, J.M. Lipid metabolism and hyperlipidemia in dogs. The Veterinary Journal, v.183, n.1, p.12-20, 2010.
Xenoulis, P.G.; Levinski, M.D.; Suchodolski, J.S.; Steiner, J.M. Serum triglyceride concentrations in Miniature Schnauzer with and without a history of probable pancreattis. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, v.25, p.20-25, 2011.
Xenoulis, P.G.; Suchodolski, J.A.; Levinski, M.D.; Steiner, J.M. Investigation of Hypertriglyceridemia in Healthy Miniature Schnauzers. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, v.21, n.6, p.1224-1230, 2007. s:
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