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Publication Date: 2012-06-15
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Osorio Carmona, . E. ., Giraldo Carmona, J. ., & Narváez Solarte, W. . (2012). Methodologies to determinate the digestibility of foods used in feeding dogs. Revista Veterinaria Y Zootecnia (On Line), 6(1), 87–97. Retrieved from https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/vetzootec/article/view/4450
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Abstract
ABSTRACT: Nutrition is one of the most documented fields in Veterinary Medicine, no just in food animals but also in small animal medicine, for this reason is the great importance to know the quality and digestibility of raws which are manufactured the balanced food, because animal welfare and performance are related to this. By definition, digestibility is the consumed food that is not present in feces, by the way is absorbed in gastrointestinal tract; although differing, apparent digestibility and true digestibility, the first one does not included the metabolic contribution and endogenous originated of the enzymatic activity, epithelial cells, microbial cells, metabolites among others, reaching the intestinal lumen and are excreted in feces, whereas in the true digestibility these fractions of metabolic and endogenous origin are discounted of the excreted fraction to make the calculations. To determine the apparent digestibility coefficient of a nutrient in a food there are in vivo methods directs such as the total feces recollection, indirect when indicators are used, in situ methods like ileal cannulation and finally in vitro methods in which enzymes are used and fermentation techniques. The different method varies in precision and employed mechanisms to determinate the digestibility coefficients. Therefore, the objective of this article is to describe the main techniques used in the digestibility determination of raws employed in dog foods and to establish the advantages and disadvantages of each one to the researches use that according to their needs.
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References
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Association of American Feed Control Officials – AAFCO. Official Publication. Inc., Atlanta, GA, 1992.
Bauer, E.; William, B.A.; Voigt, C. et al. Microbial activities of faeces from unweaned and adult pigs, in relation to selected fermentable carbohydrates. Animal science, v.73, p.313- 322, 2001.
Boisen, S.; Eggum, B.O. Critical evaluation of in vitro methods for estimating digestibility in simplestomach animals. Nutrition research reviews, v.4, n.1, p.141-162, 1991.
Boisen, S.; Fernández, J. Prediction of the apparent ileal digestibility of protein and amino acid in feedstuffs and feed mixtures for pigs by in vitro analyses. Animal feed science and technology, v.51, n.1, p.29-43, 1995.
Bremer, H.; Fessel, C.A.; Pezzato, L.E. et al. Determinação de rotina do crômio em fezes, como marcador biológico, pelo método espectrofotométrico ajustado da 1,5-difenilcarbazida. Ciência rural, v.35, n.3, p.691-697, 2005.
Buñay, A.J.K. Validación del método cenizas ácido insolubles para determinar digestibilidad en el alimento balanceado frente al método de recolección total. Riobamba, Ecuador: Escuela superior politécnica del Chimborazo, Facultad de Ciencias, Escuela de Bioquímica y Farmacia, 2010. 139p. Tesis (Bioquímico Farmacéutico).
Burrows, C.F.; Kronfeld, D.S.; Banta, C.A. et al. Effects of fiber on digestibility and transit time in dogs. The journal of nutrition, v.112, n.9, p.1726-1732, 1982.
Calabró, S.; Carone, F.; Cutrignelli, M.I. et al. The effect of haymaking on the neutral detergent soluble fraction of two intercropped forages cut at different growth stages. Italian journal of animal sciences, v.5, n.4, p.327-339, 2006.
Carciofi, A.C.; de-Oliveira, L.D.; Valério, A.G. et al. Comparison of micronized whole soybeans to common protein sources in dry dog and cat diets. Animal Feed Science and Technology, v.151, n.3, p.251-260, 2009.
Carciofi, A.C.; Vasconcellos, R.S.; de-Oliveira, L.D. et al. Chromic oxide as a digestibility marker for dogs - A comparison of methods of analysis. Animal Feed Science and Technology, v.134, n.3, p.273-282, 2007.
Castrillo, C.; Hervera, M.; Baucells, M.D. Methods for predicting the energy value of pet foods. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v.38, supl., p.1-14, 2009.
Cavalari, A.P; Lopes, D.J.; Viana, J.A. et al. Determinação do valor nutritivo de alimentos energéticos e proteicos utilizados em rações para cães adultos. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v.35, n.5, p.1985-1991, 2006.
Coles, L.T.; Moughan, P.J.; Awati, A. et al. Influence of assay conditions on the in vitro hindgut digestibility of dry matter. Food chemistry, v.125, n.4, p.1351-1358, 2011.
Correa, G.V.; de-Oliveira, F.M.; Charleaux, N. et al. Zeólitas e Yucca schidigera em rações para cães: palatabilidade, digestibilidade e redução de odores fecais. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, n.39, n.11, p.2442-2446, 2010.
De Brito, C.B.M.; Felix, A.P.; de Jesus, R.M. et al. Digestibility and palatability of dog foods containing different moisture levels, and the inclusion of a mould inhibitor. Animal feed science and technology, v.159, n.3, p.150-155, 2010.
Diez, M.; Hornick, J.L.; Baldwin, P. et al. The influence of sugar-beet fiber, guar gum and inulin on nutrient digestibility, water consumption and plasma metabolites in healthy Beagle dogs. Research in veterinary science, v.64, n.2, p.91-96, 1998.
Dikeman, C.L.; Barry, K.A.; Murphy, R.M. et al. Diet and measurement techniques affect small intestinal digesta viscosity among dogs. Nutrition research, v.27, n.1, p.56-65, 2007.
Dobenecker, B.; Frank, V.; Kienzle, E. High calcium intake differentially inhibits nutrient and energy digestibility in two different breeds of growing dogs. Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition, v.94, n.5, p.109-114, 2010.
Eklund, M.; Caine, W.R.; Sauer, W.C. et al. True and standardized ileal digestibilities and specific ileal Indogenous recoveries of crude protein and amino acid in soybean meal, rapeseed meal and peas fed to growing pigs. Livestock science, v.145, n.1, p.174-182, 2012.
Faber, T.A.; Bechtel, P.J.; Hernot, D.C. et al. Protein digestibility evaluations of meat and fish substrates using laboratory, avian, and ileally cannulated dog assays. Journal of animal science, v.88, n.4, p.1421-1432, 2010.
Fahey, G.Jr.; Jung, H. Lignin as a marker in digestion studies: a review. Journal of animal science, v.57, n.1, p.220-225, 1983.
Fortes, C.M.L.S; Carciofi, A.C.; Sakomura, N.K. et al. Digestibility and metabolizable energy of some carbohydrate sources for dogs. Animal Feed Science and Technology, v.156, n.3, p.121-125, 2010.
Gröner, T.; Pfeffer; E. Digestibility of organic matter and digestible energy in single ingredients of extruded dog feeds and their effects on faecal dry matter concentration and consistency. Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition, v.77, n.1.5, p.214-220, 1977.
Guevara, M.A.; Bauer, L.L.; Abbas, C.A. et al. Chemical Composition, in Vitro Fermentation Characteristics, and in Vivo Digestibility Responses by Dogs to Select Corn Fibers. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, v.56, n.5, p.1619-1626, 2008.
Gutiérrez, K.L. Potencial de la planta acuática Lemna gibba en la alimentación de cerdos. Tecomán, México: Universidad de Colima, 2000. 70p. Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias Pecuarias).
Ham, R.; Vermaut, S.; Flo, G. et al. Digestive performance of dogs fed a jojoba meal supplemented diet. Industrial crops and products, v.12, p.159-163, 2000.
Harmon, D. Experimental approaches to study the nutritional value of foods ingredients for dogs and cats. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v.36, Suplemento especial, p.251-262, 2007.
Hervera, M.; Baucells, M.D.; Blanch, F. et al. Prediction of digestible energy content of extruded dog food by in vitro analyses. Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition, v.91, n.5-6, p.205-209, 2007.
Hilcko, K.P.; Felix, A.P.; de-Oliveira, S.G. et al. Diferentes graus de moagem em dietas para cães. Ciência Rural, v.39, n.8, p.2511-2515, 2009.
Hill, R.C.; Burrows, C.F.; Ellison, G.W. et al. The use of chromic oxide as a marker for measuring small intestinal digestibility in cannulated dogs. Journal of animal science, v.74, n.7, p.1629-1634, 1996.
Htoo, J.K.; Araiza, B.A.; Sauer, W.C. et al. Effect of dietary protein content on ileal amino acid digestibility, growth performance, and formation of microbial metabolites in ileal and cecal digesta of early-weaned pigs. Journal of animal science, v.85, p.3303–3312, 2007.
Jagger, S.; Wiseman, J.; Cole, D.J.A. et al. Evaluation of inert markers for the determination of ileal and faecal apparent digestibility values in the pig. British journal of nutrition, v.68, n.3, p.729-739, 1992.
Julliand, V.; De Fombelle, A.; Varloud, M. Starch digestion in horses: The impact of feed processing. Livestock science, v.100, n.1, p.44-52, 2006.
Kavanagh, S.; Lynch, P.B.; O’mara, F. et al. A comparison of total collection and marker technique for the measurement of apparent digestibility of diets for growing pigs. Animal feed science and technology, v.89, n.1, p.49- 58, 2001.
Kienzle, E.; Schrag, I.; Butterwick, R. et al. Calculation of gross energy in pet foods: new data on heat combustion and fibre analysis in a selection of foods for dogs and cats. Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition, v.85, n.5-6, p.148-157, 2001.
Krogdahl, A.; Ahlstrom, O.; Skrede, A. Nutrient Digestibility of Commercial Dog Foods Using Mink as a Model. The journal of nutrition, v.134, n.8, p.2141-2144, 2004.
Lankhorst, C.; Tran, Q.D.; Havenaar, R. et al. The effect of extrusion on the nutritional value of canine diets as assessed by in vitro indicators. Animal feed science and technology, v.138, n.3-4, p.285-297, 2007.
Maynard, L. Nutrición Animal. 7.ed. México: McGraw-Hill, 1986. p.
Middelbos, I.S.; Fastinger, N.D.; Fahey G.C. Evaluation of fermentable oligosaccharides in diets fed to dogs in comparison to fiber standards. Journal of animal science, v.85, n.11, p.3033-3044, 2007.
Mosenthin, R.; Jansman, A.J.M.; Eklund, M. Standardization of methods for the determination of ileal amino acid digestibilities in growing pigs. Livestock science, v.109, p.276-281, 2007.
Murray, S.M.; Patil, R.M.; Fahey, G.C. et al. Apparent digestibility and glycaemic responses to an experimental induced viscosity dietary fibre incorporated into an enteral formula fed to dogs cannulated in the ileum. Food and chemical toxicology, v.37, n.1, p.47-56, 1999.
National Research Council - NRC. Nutrient Requirements of Dogs and Cats. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2006. 424p.
Nery, J.; Biourge, V.; Tournier, C. et al. Influence of dietary protein content and source on fecal quality, electrolyte concentrations, and osmolarity, and digestibility in dogs differing in body size. Journal of animal science, v.88, n.1, p.159-169, 2010.
Nieves, D.; Barajas, A.; Delgado, G. et al. Digestibilidad fecal de nutrientes en dietas con forrajes tropicales en conejos: Comparación entre métodos directo e indirecto. Bioagro, v.20, n.1, p.73-75, 2008.
Rodríguez, N.; Simões, E.O.; Guimarães-Junior, R. et al. Uso de indicadores para estimar consumo y digestibilidad de pasto. Lipe, lignina purificada y enriquecida. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Pecuarias, v.20, n.4, 2007.
Secombe, C.J.; Lester, G.D. The role of diet in the prevention and management of several equine diseases. Animal feed science and technology, v.173, n.1-2, p.86-101, 2012.
Silvio, J.; Harmon, D.L.; Gross, K.L. et al. Influence of fiber fermentability on nutrient digestion in the dog. Basic nutritional investigation, v.16, n.4, p.289-295, 2000.
Stein, H.H.; Fuller, M.F.; Moughan, P.J. et al. Definition of apparent, true, and standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in pigs. Livestock science, v.109, p.282-285, 2007.
Strickling, J.A.; Harmon, D.L.; Dawson, K.A. et al. Evaluation of oligosaccharide addition to dog diets: influences on nutrient digestion and microbial populations. Animal feed science and technology, v.86, n.3, p.205-219, 2000.
Tavares, G.C.M.B.; Araújo, A.H.B.; Colnago, G.L. et al. Composição química e digestibilidade de partes e subprodutos de aves nas formas crua e cozida para cães. Arquivo Brasileiro de medicina veterinária e zootecnia, v.62, n.2, p.453-459, 2010.
Twomey, L.N.; Pluske, J.R.; Rowe, J.B. et al. The effects of added fructooligosaccharide (raftilosa®P95) and inulinase in the faecal quality and digestibility in dogs. Animal feed science and technology, v.108, n.1-4, p.83-93, 2003.
Walker, J.A.; Harmon, D.L.; Gross, K.L. et al. Evaluation of nutrient utilization in the canine using the ileal canulation technique. The journal of nutrition, v.124, p.2672S-2676S, 1994.
Weber, M.; Bissot, T.; Servet, E. et al. High-protein, High-fiber diet designed for weight loss improves satiety in dogs. Journal of veterinary internal medicine, v.21, n.6, p.1203-1208, 2007.
Zanatta, C.P.; Félix, A.P.; Brito, C.B.M. et al. Digestibility of dry extruded food in adults dogs and puppies. Arquivo Brasileiro de medicina veterinaria y zootecnia, v.63, n.3, p.784-787, 2011.
Zentek, J.; Fricke, S.; Hewicker-Trautwein, M. et al. Dietary Protein Source and Manufacturing Processes Affect Macronutrient Digestibility, Fecal Consistency, and Presence of Fecal Clostridium perfringens in Adult Dogs. The journal of nutrition, v.134, n.8, p.2158-2161, 2004.
Association of American Feed Control Officials – AAFCO. Official Publication. Inc., Atlanta, GA, 1992.
Bauer, E.; William, B.A.; Voigt, C. et al. Microbial activities of faeces from unweaned and adult pigs, in relation to selected fermentable carbohydrates. Animal science, v.73, p.313- 322, 2001.
Boisen, S.; Eggum, B.O. Critical evaluation of in vitro methods for estimating digestibility in simplestomach animals. Nutrition research reviews, v.4, n.1, p.141-162, 1991.
Boisen, S.; Fernández, J. Prediction of the apparent ileal digestibility of protein and amino acid in feedstuffs and feed mixtures for pigs by in vitro analyses. Animal feed science and technology, v.51, n.1, p.29-43, 1995.
Bremer, H.; Fessel, C.A.; Pezzato, L.E. et al. Determinação de rotina do crômio em fezes, como marcador biológico, pelo método espectrofotométrico ajustado da 1,5-difenilcarbazida. Ciência rural, v.35, n.3, p.691-697, 2005.
Buñay, A.J.K. Validación del método cenizas ácido insolubles para determinar digestibilidad en el alimento balanceado frente al método de recolección total. Riobamba, Ecuador: Escuela superior politécnica del Chimborazo, Facultad de Ciencias, Escuela de Bioquímica y Farmacia, 2010. 139p. Tesis (Bioquímico Farmacéutico).
Burrows, C.F.; Kronfeld, D.S.; Banta, C.A. et al. Effects of fiber on digestibility and transit time in dogs. The journal of nutrition, v.112, n.9, p.1726-1732, 1982.
Calabró, S.; Carone, F.; Cutrignelli, M.I. et al. The effect of haymaking on the neutral detergent soluble fraction of two intercropped forages cut at different growth stages. Italian journal of animal sciences, v.5, n.4, p.327-339, 2006.
Carciofi, A.C.; de-Oliveira, L.D.; Valério, A.G. et al. Comparison of micronized whole soybeans to common protein sources in dry dog and cat diets. Animal Feed Science and Technology, v.151, n.3, p.251-260, 2009.
Carciofi, A.C.; Vasconcellos, R.S.; de-Oliveira, L.D. et al. Chromic oxide as a digestibility marker for dogs - A comparison of methods of analysis. Animal Feed Science and Technology, v.134, n.3, p.273-282, 2007.
Castrillo, C.; Hervera, M.; Baucells, M.D. Methods for predicting the energy value of pet foods. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v.38, supl., p.1-14, 2009.
Cavalari, A.P; Lopes, D.J.; Viana, J.A. et al. Determinação do valor nutritivo de alimentos energéticos e proteicos utilizados em rações para cães adultos. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v.35, n.5, p.1985-1991, 2006.
Coles, L.T.; Moughan, P.J.; Awati, A. et al. Influence of assay conditions on the in vitro hindgut digestibility of dry matter. Food chemistry, v.125, n.4, p.1351-1358, 2011.
Correa, G.V.; de-Oliveira, F.M.; Charleaux, N. et al. Zeólitas e Yucca schidigera em rações para cães: palatabilidade, digestibilidade e redução de odores fecais. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, n.39, n.11, p.2442-2446, 2010.
De Brito, C.B.M.; Felix, A.P.; de Jesus, R.M. et al. Digestibility and palatability of dog foods containing different moisture levels, and the inclusion of a mould inhibitor. Animal feed science and technology, v.159, n.3, p.150-155, 2010.
Diez, M.; Hornick, J.L.; Baldwin, P. et al. The influence of sugar-beet fiber, guar gum and inulin on nutrient digestibility, water consumption and plasma metabolites in healthy Beagle dogs. Research in veterinary science, v.64, n.2, p.91-96, 1998.
Dikeman, C.L.; Barry, K.A.; Murphy, R.M. et al. Diet and measurement techniques affect small intestinal digesta viscosity among dogs. Nutrition research, v.27, n.1, p.56-65, 2007.
Dobenecker, B.; Frank, V.; Kienzle, E. High calcium intake differentially inhibits nutrient and energy digestibility in two different breeds of growing dogs. Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition, v.94, n.5, p.109-114, 2010.
Eklund, M.; Caine, W.R.; Sauer, W.C. et al. True and standardized ileal digestibilities and specific ileal Indogenous recoveries of crude protein and amino acid in soybean meal, rapeseed meal and peas fed to growing pigs. Livestock science, v.145, n.1, p.174-182, 2012.
Faber, T.A.; Bechtel, P.J.; Hernot, D.C. et al. Protein digestibility evaluations of meat and fish substrates using laboratory, avian, and ileally cannulated dog assays. Journal of animal science, v.88, n.4, p.1421-1432, 2010.
Fahey, G.Jr.; Jung, H. Lignin as a marker in digestion studies: a review. Journal of animal science, v.57, n.1, p.220-225, 1983.
Fortes, C.M.L.S; Carciofi, A.C.; Sakomura, N.K. et al. Digestibility and metabolizable energy of some carbohydrate sources for dogs. Animal Feed Science and Technology, v.156, n.3, p.121-125, 2010.
Gröner, T.; Pfeffer; E. Digestibility of organic matter and digestible energy in single ingredients of extruded dog feeds and their effects on faecal dry matter concentration and consistency. Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition, v.77, n.1.5, p.214-220, 1977.
Guevara, M.A.; Bauer, L.L.; Abbas, C.A. et al. Chemical Composition, in Vitro Fermentation Characteristics, and in Vivo Digestibility Responses by Dogs to Select Corn Fibers. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, v.56, n.5, p.1619-1626, 2008.
Gutiérrez, K.L. Potencial de la planta acuática Lemna gibba en la alimentación de cerdos. Tecomán, México: Universidad de Colima, 2000. 70p. Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias Pecuarias).
Ham, R.; Vermaut, S.; Flo, G. et al. Digestive performance of dogs fed a jojoba meal supplemented diet. Industrial crops and products, v.12, p.159-163, 2000.
Harmon, D. Experimental approaches to study the nutritional value of foods ingredients for dogs and cats. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v.36, Suplemento especial, p.251-262, 2007.
Hervera, M.; Baucells, M.D.; Blanch, F. et al. Prediction of digestible energy content of extruded dog food by in vitro analyses. Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition, v.91, n.5-6, p.205-209, 2007.
Hilcko, K.P.; Felix, A.P.; de-Oliveira, S.G. et al. Diferentes graus de moagem em dietas para cães. Ciência Rural, v.39, n.8, p.2511-2515, 2009.
Hill, R.C.; Burrows, C.F.; Ellison, G.W. et al. The use of chromic oxide as a marker for measuring small intestinal digestibility in cannulated dogs. Journal of animal science, v.74, n.7, p.1629-1634, 1996.
Htoo, J.K.; Araiza, B.A.; Sauer, W.C. et al. Effect of dietary protein content on ileal amino acid digestibility, growth performance, and formation of microbial metabolites in ileal and cecal digesta of early-weaned pigs. Journal of animal science, v.85, p.3303–3312, 2007.
Jagger, S.; Wiseman, J.; Cole, D.J.A. et al. Evaluation of inert markers for the determination of ileal and faecal apparent digestibility values in the pig. British journal of nutrition, v.68, n.3, p.729-739, 1992.
Julliand, V.; De Fombelle, A.; Varloud, M. Starch digestion in horses: The impact of feed processing. Livestock science, v.100, n.1, p.44-52, 2006.
Kavanagh, S.; Lynch, P.B.; O’mara, F. et al. A comparison of total collection and marker technique for the measurement of apparent digestibility of diets for growing pigs. Animal feed science and technology, v.89, n.1, p.49- 58, 2001.
Kienzle, E.; Schrag, I.; Butterwick, R. et al. Calculation of gross energy in pet foods: new data on heat combustion and fibre analysis in a selection of foods for dogs and cats. Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition, v.85, n.5-6, p.148-157, 2001.
Krogdahl, A.; Ahlstrom, O.; Skrede, A. Nutrient Digestibility of Commercial Dog Foods Using Mink as a Model. The journal of nutrition, v.134, n.8, p.2141-2144, 2004.
Lankhorst, C.; Tran, Q.D.; Havenaar, R. et al. The effect of extrusion on the nutritional value of canine diets as assessed by in vitro indicators. Animal feed science and technology, v.138, n.3-4, p.285-297, 2007.
Maynard, L. Nutrición Animal. 7.ed. México: McGraw-Hill, 1986. p.
Middelbos, I.S.; Fastinger, N.D.; Fahey G.C. Evaluation of fermentable oligosaccharides in diets fed to dogs in comparison to fiber standards. Journal of animal science, v.85, n.11, p.3033-3044, 2007.
Mosenthin, R.; Jansman, A.J.M.; Eklund, M. Standardization of methods for the determination of ileal amino acid digestibilities in growing pigs. Livestock science, v.109, p.276-281, 2007.
Murray, S.M.; Patil, R.M.; Fahey, G.C. et al. Apparent digestibility and glycaemic responses to an experimental induced viscosity dietary fibre incorporated into an enteral formula fed to dogs cannulated in the ileum. Food and chemical toxicology, v.37, n.1, p.47-56, 1999.
National Research Council - NRC. Nutrient Requirements of Dogs and Cats. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2006. 424p.
Nery, J.; Biourge, V.; Tournier, C. et al. Influence of dietary protein content and source on fecal quality, electrolyte concentrations, and osmolarity, and digestibility in dogs differing in body size. Journal of animal science, v.88, n.1, p.159-169, 2010.
Nieves, D.; Barajas, A.; Delgado, G. et al. Digestibilidad fecal de nutrientes en dietas con forrajes tropicales en conejos: Comparación entre métodos directo e indirecto. Bioagro, v.20, n.1, p.73-75, 2008.
Rodríguez, N.; Simões, E.O.; Guimarães-Junior, R. et al. Uso de indicadores para estimar consumo y digestibilidad de pasto. Lipe, lignina purificada y enriquecida. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Pecuarias, v.20, n.4, 2007.
Secombe, C.J.; Lester, G.D. The role of diet in the prevention and management of several equine diseases. Animal feed science and technology, v.173, n.1-2, p.86-101, 2012.
Silvio, J.; Harmon, D.L.; Gross, K.L. et al. Influence of fiber fermentability on nutrient digestion in the dog. Basic nutritional investigation, v.16, n.4, p.289-295, 2000.
Stein, H.H.; Fuller, M.F.; Moughan, P.J. et al. Definition of apparent, true, and standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in pigs. Livestock science, v.109, p.282-285, 2007.
Strickling, J.A.; Harmon, D.L.; Dawson, K.A. et al. Evaluation of oligosaccharide addition to dog diets: influences on nutrient digestion and microbial populations. Animal feed science and technology, v.86, n.3, p.205-219, 2000.
Tavares, G.C.M.B.; Araújo, A.H.B.; Colnago, G.L. et al. Composição química e digestibilidade de partes e subprodutos de aves nas formas crua e cozida para cães. Arquivo Brasileiro de medicina veterinária e zootecnia, v.62, n.2, p.453-459, 2010.
Twomey, L.N.; Pluske, J.R.; Rowe, J.B. et al. The effects of added fructooligosaccharide (raftilosa®P95) and inulinase in the faecal quality and digestibility in dogs. Animal feed science and technology, v.108, n.1-4, p.83-93, 2003.
Walker, J.A.; Harmon, D.L.; Gross, K.L. et al. Evaluation of nutrient utilization in the canine using the ileal canulation technique. The journal of nutrition, v.124, p.2672S-2676S, 1994.
Weber, M.; Bissot, T.; Servet, E. et al. High-protein, High-fiber diet designed for weight loss improves satiety in dogs. Journal of veterinary internal medicine, v.21, n.6, p.1203-1208, 2007.
Zanatta, C.P.; Félix, A.P.; Brito, C.B.M. et al. Digestibility of dry extruded food in adults dogs and puppies. Arquivo Brasileiro de medicina veterinaria y zootecnia, v.63, n.3, p.784-787, 2011.
Zentek, J.; Fricke, S.; Hewicker-Trautwein, M. et al. Dietary Protein Source and Manufacturing Processes Affect Macronutrient Digestibility, Fecal Consistency, and Presence of Fecal Clostridium perfringens in Adult Dogs. The journal of nutrition, v.134, n.8, p.2158-2161, 2004.
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