Authors
Abstract
The effect of three thermal processes applied to the full-fat soybean (FFS) on the chemical composition, some indicators of process quality, apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and apparent metabolizable energy corrected by the nitrogen balance (AMEn) estimated by using either the total collection of excreta or 0.5% Cr2O3 methods were evaluated. Five diets were used in the form of flour: one reference diet (RD) and four diets in which raw (T1), cooked (T2), roasted (T3) or extruded (T4) FFS was included replacing 30% of the energy core (corn, soybean meal and soybean oil) from the RD. The experimental phase was carried out between day 12 and day 19 of the chickens’ life with five days of adaptation and four days of collecting the excreta every 24 hours. The experiment was conducted in a complete randomized design with five treatments, eight repetitions and four male chicken of the Ross 308 line per repetition. The variables were analyzed by the GLM and the average values were compared with the Duncan test. Pearson's simple correlation analysis and regression between the results of the estimated ME with either the total collection of excreta or the use of CR2O3 were also performed. Statistical analyzes were performed in the SAS program. The chemical composition of the beans was within the values of the literature. The raw FFS did not comply with the process quality indicators of the Colombian technical standard. Extrusion was the only process that produced a FFS with protein soluble in KOH below the minimum level of the norm in reference, while in the roasted grain the value was close to this minimum. It is suggested that in both beans there was over-processing. The value of AME for the raw, cooked, roasted and extruded grain was 2,775, 3,759, 3,887 and 3,886 (kcal/kcal DM) respectively; the corresponding value for AMEn was 2,552, 3,469, 3,583 and 3,600 (kcal/kcal DM). The thermal processes used increased the ME of the raw FFS by 1,000 kcal, without any difference between the processes. The estimation of the AME with the use of Cr2O3 was not an alternative to the total collection of excreta.
Keywords:
References
Brenes, A.; Brenes, J. Tratamiento tecnológico de los granos de leguminosas: influencia sobre el valor nutricional. lX Curso de Especialización FEDNA. Barcelona, 1993.
Café, M.B. et al. Determinação do valor nutricional das sojas integrais processadas para aves. Rev. Bras. Ciência Avícola, v. 2, n. 1, p. 67-74, 2000.
Carvalho, A. Digestibilidade de dietas e metabolismo em frangos de corte e suínos alimentados com soja integral processada. Santa Maria, Brasil: Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2006. Tesis (Maestría en Zootecnia).
De Blas, C.; Mateos, G.G.; Rebollar, P.G. Tablas FEDNA de composición y valor nutritivo de alimentos para la fabricación de piensos compuestos. 2. ed. Madrid, España: Ediciones Peninsular, 2010.
Dourado, L.R.B. et al. Poultry feed metabolizable energy determination using total or partial excreta collection methods. Brazilian Poultry Science, v. 12, n. 2, p. 129-132, 2010.
Francesch, M. Sistemas para la valoración energética de los alimentos en aves. Arch. Latinoam. Prod. Anim, v. 9, n. 1, p. 35-42, 2001.
Freitas, E.R. et al. Efeito do processamento da soja integral sobre a energia metabolizável e a digestibilidade dos aminoácidos para aves.Revista Brasilera de Zootecnia, v. 34, n. 6, p. 1938-1949, 2005.
Herkelman, K.L.; Cromwell, G.L.; Stahly, T.S. Effects of heating time and sodium metabisulfite on the nutritional value of full-fat soybeans for chicks.Journal Animal Science, v. 69, p. 4477-4486, 1991.
Netto, J. Soja integral na alimentação de aves e suínos. Avicultura Industrial, v. 82, n. 988, p. 4-15, 1992.
Lázaro, R. et al. Whole soybeans in diets for poultry. Disponible en:Link.
Leeson, S.; Summers, J.D.; Diaz, G.J. Nutrición aviar comercial.Bogotá, Colombia: Gonzalo J. Diaz González, 2000.
Lopez, G.; Leeson, S. Relevance of nitrogen correction for assessment of metabolizable energy with broilers to forty-nine days of age. Poultry Science, v. 86, p. 1696-1704, 2007.
Mateos, G.G.; Latorre, M.A.; Lázaro, R. Procesamiento del haba de soja. Disponible en: www.asa-europe.org.
Mayorca, C.M.E. et al. Study of methodological variations in apparent nutrient metabolism determination in broiler chickens. Rev. Bras. Zoot, v. 38, n. 10, p. 1921- 1927, 2009.
Monari, S. Fullfat soya handbook. Washington, USA: American Soybean Association, 1999. 44p.
NRC. Nutritional energetics of domestic animals and glossary of energy terms. Washington, USA: Committee on Animal Nutrition, 1981. 54p.
NRC. Nutrient requirements of poultry. Washington, USA: The National Academy Press, 1994. 155p.
Norma Técnica Colombiana NTC 3716. Alimentos para animales. Soya Integral. ICS 65.120.00. 2002. Disponible en: Link.
Rodrigues, P.B. et al. Valores energéticos da soja e subproductos da soja, determinados com frangos de corte e galos adultos. Rev. Bras. Zootec, v. 31, n. 4, p.1771-1782,2002.
Rostagno, H.S. et al. Tabelas brasileiras para aves e suínos. Composição de alimentos e exigências nutricionais. Viçosa, Brasil: Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2011. 259p.
Ruíz, N. New insights on the urease activity range for soybean meal: A worldwide opportunity for the poultry industry. Arkansas Nutrition Conference, 2012.
Sakomura, N.K.; Rostagno, H.S. Metodologias para avaliar o conteúdo de energia dos alimentos. En: Métodos de pesquisa em nutrição de monogástricos. Jaboticabal, Brasil: FUNEP, 2007. p. 41-86.
Sakomura, N.K. et al. Avaliação da soja integral tostada ou extrusada sobre o desempenho de frangos de corte. Rev. Bras. Zootec, v. 27, n. 3, p. 584-594, 1998.
Sauvant, D.; Perez J.-M. Tables of composition and nutritive value of feed materials Pigs, poultry, cattle, sheep, goats, rabbits, horses, fish. Paris, France: INRA, 2004. 304p.
Scott, T.A.; Boldaji, F. Comparison of inert markers [Chromic Oxide or Insoluble Ash (Celite®)] for determining apparent metabolizable energy of wheat- or barley-based broiler diets with or without enzymes. Poultry Science, v. 76, p. 594-598, 1997.
Sibbald, I.R. Measurement of bioavailable energy in poultry feedingstuffs: A review. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, v. 62, n. 4, p. 983-1048, 1982.
Sibbald, I.R.; Summers, J.D.; Slinger, S.J. Factors affecting the metabolizable energy content of poultry feeds. Poultry Science, v. 39, p. 544-556, 1960.
Soares, K.R.; Bertechini, A.G.; Fassani, E.J. et al. Valores de energia metabolizavel de alimentos para pintos de corte na fase pre-inicial.Ciência e Agrotecnologia, Lavras, v. 29, n. 1, p. 238-244, 2005.