Horizontes de la maternidad subrogada en Latinoamérica: Un análisis desde la investigación y la educación jurídica

Abstract

This main objective of this study is to reveal the horizon of surrogacy in Latin America around three axes: research, legal education and the practice of law. The main hypothesis was the need and admissibility of access to surrogacy for homosexual persons and same-sex couples, from research, academia and the legal profession in Latin America. The research had a quantitative approach. The method used was descriptive. The instrument used was a survey applied to 180 participants from different Latin American countries, selected using the snowball technique. The profound legal vacuum in Latin America regarding surrogacy became evident. A vacuum that should be filled as soon as possible, by carrying out, , more pertinent analyses from research, generating, a greater impact at the level of education and carrying out regulatory efforts, which can only be done from the Law. This article undoubtedly constitutes an important input for the structuring of new lege ferenda proposals, the formulation of future legislative reforms and the inclusion surrogacy in public health plans or programs in the countries of the Latin American region but, above all, for academic reflection, as it is a topic still to be explored.

Keywords

positive law

education

research

homosexuals

surrogacy

References

Campana, M., & Vaggione, J. M. (2021). Courts and Same-Sex Marriage in Latin America. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. https://acortar.link/dwN5jl

Carone, N., Baiocco, R., & Lingiardi, V. (2017). Single fathers by choice using surrogacy: why men decide to have a child as a single parent. Human reproduction, 32(9), 1871-1879. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dex245

Congreso de la República. Proyecto 334 de 2023 (1 de febrero de 2023). G n.° 19 de 2023. [P. Jorge Alejandro Ocampo Giraldo]. https://www.camara.gov.co/maternidad-subrogada-1

Congreso de la República. Proyecto 345 de 2023 (24 de febrero de 2023). G n.° 93 de 2023. [P.Ministro de Justicia y del Derecho; Ministra de Salud y Protección Social]. https://www.camara.gov.co/subrogacion-uterina

Corte Constitucional. (1 de agosto de 2022). Sentencia T-275 de 2022. [MP. Cristina Pardo Schlesinger]. https://www.corteconstitucional.gov.co/relatoria/2022/T-275-22.htm

Corte Constitucional. (18 de abril de 2024). Sentencia T-127 de 2024. [MP. Jorge Enrique Ibáñez Najar]. https://www.corteconstitucional.gov.co/Relatoria/2024/T-127-24.htm

Corte Constitucional. (18 de junio de 2024). Sentencia T-232 de 2024. [MP. Natalia Ángel Cabo]. https:// www.corteconstitucional.gov.co/relatoria/2024/T-232-24.htm

Cheney, K. E. (2022). Discordant Expectations of Global Intimacy: Desire and Inequality in Commercial Surrogacy. Sociological Research Online, 27(1), 43-59. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1360780420984169

Courtis, C. (2006). El juego de los juristas. Ensayo de caracterización de la investigación dogmática. En C. Courtis (ed.), Observar la Ley. Ensayos sobre la metodología de la investigación dogmática (pp.105-156). Trotta.

Del Savio, L., & Cavaliere, G. (2016). The problem with commercial surrogacy. A reflection on reproduction, markets and labour. BioLaw Journal – Rivista di BioDiritto, (2), 73-91. https://teseo.unitn.it/biolaw/article/view/922

Feldman, E. A. (2018). Baby M Turns 30: The Law and Policy of Surrogate Motherhood. American Journal of Law & Medicine, 44(1), 7-22. https://doi.org/10.1177/0098858818763811

Fenton-Glynn, C., & Scherpe, J. M. (2019). Surrogacy in a Globalised World. Comparative Analysis and Thoughts on Regulation. In J. M. Scherpe, C. Fenton-Glynn & T. Kaan (eds.), Eastern and Western Perspectives on Surrogacy (pp. 515-592). Intersentia.

Jackson, E., Millbank, J., Karpin, I., & Stuhmcke, A. (2017). Learning from Cross-Border Reproduction. Medical Law Rreview, 25(1), 23-46. https://doi.org/10.1093/medlaw/fww045

Joseph, R. A., Rafanello, A. M., Morris, C. J., & Fleming, K. F. (2018). Surrogacy: Pathway to Parenthood. Neonatal Network, 37(1), 19-23. https://doi.org/10.1891/0730-0832.37.1.19

Kawwass, J. F., Penzias, A. S., & Adashi, E. Y. (2021). Fertility-a human right worthy of mandated insurance coverage: the evolution, limitations, and future of access to care. Fertility and sterility, 115(1), 29-42.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.09.155

Lindheim, S. R., Madeira, J. L., Ludwin, A., Kemner, E., Preston Parry, J., Sylvestre, G., & Pennings, G. (2019). Societal pressures and procreative preferences for gay fathers successfully pursuing parenthood through IVF and gestational carriers. Reproductive Biomedicine & Society Online, 9, 1-10. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31934649/

Martínez Muñoz, K. X. y Rodríguez Yong, C. A. (2021). La maternidad subrogada: tendencias de regulación en Latinoamérica. Jurídicas, 18(1), 74-90. https://doi.org/10.17151/jurid.2021.18.1.5

Molina-Ricaurte, C. J. (2021). Maternidad subrogada y parejas del mismo sexo: en intersección. En R. Grana (coord.), Discursos, mujeres y artes. ¿Construyendo o derribando fronteras? (pp. 2535-2555). Dykinson S. L. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=8353797

Piersanti, V., Consalvo, F., Signore, F., Del Rio, A., & Zaami, S. (2021). Surrogacy and “Procreative Tourism”. What Does the Future Hold from the Ethical and Legal Perspectives?. Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania), 57(1), 47. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57010047

Pralat, R. (2021). Sexual identities and reproductive orientations: Coming out as wanting (or not wanting) to have children. Sexualities, 24 (1-2), 276-294. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363460720926967 Salama, M., Isachenko, V., Isachenko, E., Rahimi, G., Mallmann, P., Westphal, L. M., Inhorn, M. C., &

Patrizio, P. (2018). Cross border reproductive care (CBRC): a growing global phenomenon with multidimensional implications (a systematic and critical review). Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 35, 1277-1288. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10815-018-1181-x

Russell, C. (2018). Rights-holders or refugees? Do gay men need reproductive justice?. Reproductive Biomedicine & Society Online, 7, 131-140.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31061902/Shalev, C., Moreno, A., Eyal, H., Leibel, M., Schuz, R., & Eldar-Geva, T. (2016). Ethics and regulation of inter-country medically assisted reproduction: a call for action. Israel Journal of Health Policy Research, 5, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13584-016-0117-0

Smietana, M. (2019). Procreative consciousness in a global market: gay men’s paths to surrogacy in the USA. Reproductive Biomedicine & Society Online, 7, 101-111. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405661819300048

Torres, G., Shapiro, A., & Mackey, T. K. (2019). A review of surrogate motherhood regulation in south American countries: pointing to a need for an international legal framework. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 19, 46. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-019-2182-1

Trimmings, K., & Beaumont, P. (2016). Parentage and surrogacy in a European perspective. In J. M. Scherpe (ed.), European Family Law (volume III, pp. 232-283). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781785363054

UK, Parliament. (16th July 1985). Surrogacy Arrangements Act 1985. https://acortar.link/6HJfQD