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Zanatta Tocchetto, G., & Freitas, C. O. de A. (2025). Inventive Artificial Intelligence: Thinking technological development without the human figure as protagonist. Jurídicas, 22(1), 273–292. https://doi.org/10.17151/jurid.2025.22.1.13
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Authors
Cinthia Obladen de Almendra Freitas
Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná
Abstract
In July 2021, an Australian Federal Court decision generated important international interest on an important question: can Artificial Intelligences (AIs) BE inventors in claims for patent protection of inventions? The answer requires a theoreticalpractical assessment based on the process of defining the inventive step, what specific purpose AIs are capable of doing and even based on what the decision in question states about the situation of the case. The work makes this methodological effort questioning what the aforementioned decision asserts about the state of the art of AIs in terms of inventive step. Through the hypothesis that no general AI postulate is raised and using the hypothetical-deductive method, the work confirms the hypothesis and concludes that the argumentative structure of the analyzed decision is solid, and even benefits the context of innovation practiced through the application of AI techniques.
References
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Zhu, M., Tian, M., Yang, X., Zhou, T., Yuan, L., Zhu, P., Chertkov, E., Liu, S., Du, Y., Ji, Z., Das, I., Cao, J., Du, Y., Yu, J., Wu, P., He, J., Su, Y., Jian, Y., Zhang, Y., & Peng, H. (2025). Probing the Critical Point (CritPt) of AI Reasoning: a Frontier Physics Research Benchmark. Computer Science. https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.26574
Brasil. (1996). Lei No. 9.279, de 14 de maio de 1996. Regula direitos e obrigações relativos à propriedade industrial. http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/l9279.htm
Brasil. (1998). Lei No. 9.609, de 19 de fevereiro de 1998. Dispõe sobre a proteção da propriedade intelectual de programa de computador, sua comercialização no País, e dá outras providências.http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/l9609.htm
Brasil. (1998). Lei No. 9.610, de 19 de fevereiro de 1998. Lei de direitos autorais. 1998. http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/l9610.htm
Cabrera-Peña, K. I. y Palacio-Puerta, M. (2016). Los derechos de autor en Colombia: objeto de constitucionalización y sujeto constitucionalizante. Jurídicas, 13(1), 116-131. https://doi.org/10.17151/jurid.2016.13.1.8
Campbell, M., Hoane, A.J., & Hsu, F. (2002). Deep blue. Artificial intelligence, 134, 57-83. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3e4b/c1aa55c752918ae99b1a125f6adef61afad2.pdf
Companies and Intellectual Property Commission. (2021). Patent Journal, Vol. 54, No. 07: E Journal July 2021 Part 2. https://iponline.cipc.co.za/Publications/PublishedJournals/E_Journal_July%202021%20Part%202.pdf
Deep Mind. (s. f.). Alpha Go. https://deepmind.com/research/case-studies/alphago-the-story-so-far
Federal Court of Australia. (s. f.). The Hon Justice BEACH. https://www.fedcourt.gov.au/about/judges/current-judges-appointment/current-judges/beach-j
Fjelland, R. (2020). Why general artificial intelligence will not be realized. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 7(1), 1-10. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-020-0494-4
Granter, S. R., Beck, A. H., & Papke, D. (2017). AlphaGo, deep learning, and the future of the human microscopist. Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, 141(5), 619-621. https://aplm.kglmeridian.com/view/journals/arpa/141/5/article-p619.xml
Griffith, C. (2021). UK Court of Appeal upholds decision that AI machines cannot be ‘inventors’. The Patent Lawyer Magazine. https://tinyurl.com/3buv9tj8
Guimarães, M. (2004). De pés descalços no ciberespaço: tecnologia e cultura no cotidiano de um grupo social on-line. Horizontes Antropológicos, 10, 123-154. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-71832004000100006
Harari, Y. N. (2016). Homo Deus: A brief history of tomorrow. Random House.
Hollister, S. (2021, 3 de septiembre). AI computers can’t patent their own inventions — yet — a US judge rules. The Verge. https://tinyurl.com/2et67hej
Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial. (2020). Patentes, por meio desta página, o INPI disponibiliza respostas para as perguntas mais frequentes, no âmbito dos serviços de patentes.
Jones, A. (2021, 2 de agosto). Artificial intelligence can now be recognised as an inventor after historic Australian court decision. ABC News. https://tinyurl.com/ymy5xrtp
Kaur, B., & Sharma, S. (2016). Will Artificial Intelligence take over our jobs a human Perspective on Employment Future’. International Journal of Engineering, Applied and Management Sciences Paradigms, 216-218. https://tinyurl.com/5v4fpu23
Lemley, M. A. (2012). The Myth of the Sole Inventor. Michigan Law Review, 110(5). https://tinyurl.com/3pptahay
Lôbo, E., De Morais, J. L. B., & Nemer, D. (2020). Democracia algoritmica: o futuro da democracia e o combate às milícias digitais no Brasil. Revista Culturas Jurídicas, 7(17), 255-276.
Machado, J. (2008). Desconstruindo “Propriedade intelectual”. Observatorio, 2(1). https://obs.obercom.pt/index.php/obs/article/view/92
Maggitti, P.G., Smith, K.G., & Katila, R. (2013). The complex search process of invention. Research Policy, 42(1), 90-100. https://web.stanford.edu/~rkatila/new/pdf/KatilaSearchinvention.pdf
Naidoo, M. (2021, 9 de agosto). In a world first, South Africa grants a patent to an artificial intelligence system. Quartz Africa. https://tinyurl.com/yc7kc3dm
Nietzsche, F. (2011). Assim Falava Zaratustra, Um livro para todos e para ninguém. (M. Ferreira dos Santos, 6a. d.). Vozes.
Pagels, H. R., Dreyfus, H., McCarthy, J., Minsky, M., Papert, S., & Searle, J. (1984). Has artificial intelligence research illuminated human thinking?. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 426(1), 138-160. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1984.tb16517.x
Patents Act 1990, No. 89, Compilation No. 41. (1990) Australian Government. https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2017C00045
Patents, Trade Marks, Designs and Copyright Office. (2021). Patent Journal, Including trade marks, designs and copyright in cinematograph films. Government Printer.
Parchen, C. E., & Freitas, C. O. A. (2020). A impossibilidade normativa de patente de código fonte no brasil e o problema do plágio de software. Revista Thesis Juris – RTJ, São Paulo, 9(1), 29-52. https://periodicos.uninove.br/thesisjuris/article/view/13169/8265
Rogers, M. P., Hillberg, H. M., & Groves, C. L. (2024). Attitudes towards the use (and misuse) of ChatGPT: A preliminary study. In Proceedings of the 55th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (pp. 1147-1153). https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3626252.3630784
Sabhnani, M. R., Rao, P. P., & Panchal, A. V. (2001). AI Software in everyday life: A Survey. In Proceedings of MAICS Conference. University of Toledo.
Sowatzke, T. G. (2019). Meet DABUS: An Artificial Intelligence Machine Hoping to Maintain Two Patent Applications in its own Name. Lexology. https://tinyurl.com/mrykm984
Stanford. (2010, 29 de março). 1. Introduction to Human Behavioral Biology [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NNnIGh9g6fA
Thaler, S. (2020). Are All Inventors Human? - Episode 1. In: Perpetual Motion [podcast de áudio]. https://tinyurl.com/4rxsxsve
Thaler v Commissioner of Patents. (2021) FCA 879 (Fed. Ct. Aus. Jul. 30, 2021). https://www.judgments.fedcourt.gov.au/judgments/Judgments/fca/single/2021/2021fca0879
Tocchetto, G. Z. y Grubba, L. S. (2018). Humano como conceito, humano como objeto: Debate sobre novas tecnologias e o conceito de “ser humano”. En T. Limberger et al. (eds.), Direito, governança e novas tecnologias I: XXVII Congresso Nacional do CONPEDI (pp. 264-282). Conpedi.
Waltz, E. (2020). AI takes its best shot: What AI can—and can’t—do in the race for a coronavirus vaccine-[Vaccine]. IEEE Spectrum, 57(10), 24-67. https://tinyurl.com/44su6k8v
Zhu, M., Tian, M., Yang, X., Zhou, T., Yuan, L., Zhu, P., Chertkov, E., Liu, S., Du, Y., Ji, Z., Das, I., Cao, J., Du, Y., Yu, J., Wu, P., He, J., Su, Y., Jian, Y., Zhang, Y., & Peng, H. (2025). Probing the Critical Point (CritPt) of AI Reasoning: a Frontier Physics Research Benchmark. Computer Science. https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.26574
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