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Villarreal, J. F., & García-Westphalen, L. (2024). Límites analíticos a la concepción de los derechos humanos en China: sobre los alcances normativos del universalismo cultural occidental. Jurídicas, 21(2), 245–265. https://doi.org/10.17151/jurid.2024.21.2.13
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Julio Francisco Villarreal
Universidad Continental
Luis García-Westphalen
Universidad Científica del SurResumen
El presente artículo provee a definir, sobre presupuestos disímiles a aquellos de carácter occidental, las necesarias bases epistemológicas a los efectos de estudiarse el desarrollo contemporáneo de la política de derechos humanos en la China continental. Tal ejercicio no implica una crítica a una tal noción occidental de derechos humanos: por el contrario, en función de reconocerse la relevancia y el sentido ético —no universal— inherente a la misma, se desea examinar las eventuales dificultades que su aplicación puede suponer en un escenario político, social y cultural disímil al mismo. En este orden de ideas, al analizar la atención sobre los contrastes susceptibles de hallarse entre el paradigma de derechos humanos dominante en la República Popular China y aquellos a los que adscriben los profesores y doctrinarios en Occidente se espera poder contribuir a la consolidación de una visión más realista por parte de Occidente, de aquello que se entiende por “derechos humanos” en la República Popular China.
Citas
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Holbig, H., & Gilley, B. (2010). Reclaiming legitimacy in China. Politics & Policy, 38(3), 395-422. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2010.00241.x
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Kinzelbach, K. (2012) Will china’s rise lead to a new normative order? An Analysis of China’s Statements on Human Rights at the United Nations (2000–2010), Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights, 30 (9) 299-332.
Kissinger, H. (2014). World order. Penguin.
Ladd, J. (1973). Ethical relativism. Wadsworth Publishing.
Li, E. (2013, August 13). A tale of two political systems. China US Focus. https://www.chinausfocus.com/society-culture/a-tale-of-two-political-systems
MacIntyre, A. (1981). After virtue. University of Notre Dame Press.
Mannheim, K. (2004). Ideología y utopía: Introducción a la sociología del conocimiento. Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Mansilla, H. C. F. (2023). Ex Oriente lux. El rechazo de Occidente y sus consecuencias sociales y políticas. Revista de Estudios Globales. Análisis Histórico y Cambio Social, 2(4), 233-251. https://revistas.um.es/reg/article/view/576121
Mearsheimer, J. (2014). Why the Ukraine crisis is the West’s fault: The liberal delusions that provoked Putin. Foreign Affairs, 93(5), 1-12. https://www.mearsheimer.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Why-the-Ukraine-Crisis-Is.pdf
Men, J. (2011). Between human rights and sovereignty: An examination of EU-China political relations. European Law Journal, 17(4), 534-550. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1468-0386.2011.00564.x
Ming, W. (1998). Chinese opinion on human rights. Orbis, 42(3), 361-375. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0030438798900266
Morsink, J. (1984). The Philosophy of the Universal Declaration. Human Rights Quarterly, 6(3), 309-334. https://www.jstor.org/stable/762004
Mowle, T. S. (2003). Worldviews in foreign policy: Realism, liberalism, and external conflict. Political Psychology, 24(3), 561-592. https://www.academia.edu/download/48671082/Political_Psychology_Article.pdf
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Rauschning, D., Wiesbrock, K., & Lailach, M. (Eds.). (1997). Key resolutions of the United Nations General Assembly 1946–1996. Cambridge University Press.
Rivera López, E. (1995). Las paradojas del comunitarismo. Doxa, (17-18), 95-115. https://doxa.ua.es/article/view/1995-n17-18-las-paradojas-del-comunitarismo
Rorty, R. (1995). Derechos humanos racionalidad y sentimentalismo. Praxis Filosófica Ética y Política, (5), 1-20.
Sandel, M. J. (1982). Liberalism and the limits of justice. Cambridge University Press.
Schmidt-Leukel, P. (2006). Buddhism and the idea of human rights: Resonances and dissonances. Buddhist-Christian Studies, 26, 33-49. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4139179
Schulz, J. S. (2021). China pospandemia: ¿Motor, salvavidas o nuevo paradigma civilizatorio?. Anuario en Relaciones Internacionales. https://www.memoria.fahce.unlp.edu.ar/art_revistas/pr.13113/pr.13113.pdf
Sun, P. (2014). Human rights protection system in China. Springer.
Tiwald, J. (2012). Confucianism and human rights. In T. Cushman (Ed.), Handbook of human rights (pp.244-254). Routledge; Taylor & Francis Group.
Tse-tung, M. (1976). Manifiesto del Ejército Popular de Liberación de China. En Obras escogidas de Mao
Tse-tung (vol. IV, pp. 149-155). Ediciones en lenguas extranjeras. https://www.marxists.org/subject/china/mao/works/1976/peoples-army.htm
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Wang, Y. (2023, December 5). Pursuing a country-specific path to human rights advancement and jointly promoting worldwide progress in human rights. Keynote address at the International Symposium Commemorating the 75th Anniversary of The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Beijing. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zxxx_662805/202312/t20231205_11195127.html
Weber, M. (1982). El político y el científico. Alianza Editorial.
Zhao, J. (2015). China and the uneasy case for universal human rights. Human Rights Quarterly, 37(1), 29-52. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24518273?seq=1
Zhongqi, P. (2010). Managing the conceptual gap on sovereignty in China-EU relations. Asia Europe Journal, 8(2), 227-243. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10308-010-0263-x
Banco Mundial. (2022). Four decades of poverty reduction in China: Drivers, insights for the world, and the way ahead. World Bank. https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/bdadc16a4f5c1c88a839c0f905cde802-0070012022/original/Poverty-Synthesis-Report-final.pdf
Barzun, J. (2009). Is democratic theory for export? In J. H. Rosenthal (Ed.), Ethics and international affairs (pp. 47-68). Georgetown University Press.
Beijing Declaration. (2017, December 8). Adopted by the First South-South Human Rights Forum. State Council Information Office of China. http://english.scio.gov.cn/scionews/2017-12/11/content_50096884.htm
Cerna, C. M. (1994). Universality of human rights and cultural diversity: Implementation of human rights in different socio-cultural contexts. Human Rights Quarterly, 16(4), 740–752. https://doi.org/10.2307/762567
Chailloux, G., López, R. y Baró, S. (1997). Globalización y conflicto Cuba-EE.UU. Editorial Ciencias Sociales.
Chen, Y.-J. (2019). China’s challenge to the international human rights regime. International Law and Politics, 51, 1179-1222. https://nyujilp.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/NYI403.pdf
Chhabra, T., Doshi, R., Hass, R., & Kimball, E. (2020). Global China: Technology. In Global China: Assessing China’s growing role in the world. Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/FP_20200428_technology_chapeau_v2.pdf
Declaración de Beijing. (2017). Adoptada en el Primer Foro Sur-Sur de Derechos Humanos, Xinhua. http://p.china.org.cn/2017-12/10/content_50095729.htm
Dos Santos Corrêa, A. (2024). Los derechos humanos y el derecho al desarrollo en el BRICS. Informe Integrar, (147), 2-14. https://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/handle/10915/166622
Dukach, D. (2022). Understanding the rise of tech in China. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2022/09/understanding-the-rise-of-tech-in-china
Dian, T. (2005, December 12). Human rights can be manifested differently. China Daily. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-12/12/content_502587.htm
Evans, G. (2006). From humanitarian intervention to responsibility to protect. Symposium on Humanitarian Intervention. University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Gramsci, A. (1971). El materialismo histórico y la filosofía de Benedetto Croce. Ediciones Visor.
Gustafsson, M. (2009). Communitarianism in China? A minor field study about Chinese students’ views on the relation between individual and society [Bachelor’s tesis, University of Gothenburg]. https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/handle/2077/20372/gupea_2077_20372_1.pdf
Habermas, J. (2000). La constelación posnacional: Ensayos políticos. Paidós.
Habermas, J. (2008). Facticidad y validez: Sobre el derecho y el Estado democrático de derecho en términos de teoría del discurso. Trotta.
Han, S.-J. (2011). Confucianism and human rights. In W. Chang & L. Kalmanson (Eds.) Confucianism in Context: Classic Philosophy and Contemporary Issues: East Asia and Beyond. State University of New York Press.
Herskovits, M. (1973). Cultural relativism: Perspectives in cultural pluralism. Vintage Books.
Holbig, H., & Gilley, B. (2010). Reclaiming legitimacy in China. Politics & Policy, 38(3), 395-422. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2010.00241.x
Keown, D. (2012). Buddhism and human rights. In T. Cushman (Ed.), Handbook of human rights (pp.223-230). Routledge; Taylor & Francis Group.
Kinzelbach, K. (2012) Will china’s rise lead to a new normative order? An Analysis of China’s Statements on Human Rights at the United Nations (2000–2010), Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights, 30 (9) 299-332.
Kissinger, H. (2014). World order. Penguin.
Ladd, J. (1973). Ethical relativism. Wadsworth Publishing.
Li, E. (2013, August 13). A tale of two political systems. China US Focus. https://www.chinausfocus.com/society-culture/a-tale-of-two-political-systems
MacIntyre, A. (1981). After virtue. University of Notre Dame Press.
Mannheim, K. (2004). Ideología y utopía: Introducción a la sociología del conocimiento. Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Mansilla, H. C. F. (2023). Ex Oriente lux. El rechazo de Occidente y sus consecuencias sociales y políticas. Revista de Estudios Globales. Análisis Histórico y Cambio Social, 2(4), 233-251. https://revistas.um.es/reg/article/view/576121
Mearsheimer, J. (2014). Why the Ukraine crisis is the West’s fault: The liberal delusions that provoked Putin. Foreign Affairs, 93(5), 1-12. https://www.mearsheimer.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Why-the-Ukraine-Crisis-Is.pdf
Men, J. (2011). Between human rights and sovereignty: An examination of EU-China political relations. European Law Journal, 17(4), 534-550. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1468-0386.2011.00564.x
Ming, W. (1998). Chinese opinion on human rights. Orbis, 42(3), 361-375. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0030438798900266
Morsink, J. (1984). The Philosophy of the Universal Declaration. Human Rights Quarterly, 6(3), 309-334. https://www.jstor.org/stable/762004
Mowle, T. S. (2003). Worldviews in foreign policy: Realism, liberalism, and external conflict. Political Psychology, 24(3), 561-592. https://www.academia.edu/download/48671082/Political_Psychology_Article.pdf
Partido Comunista Chino. (2021). The Communist Party of China and human rights protection – A 100-year quest. (5th, ed.). http://geneva.china-mission.gov.cn/eng/ztjs/aghj12wnew/Whitepaper/202109/t20210927_9594621.htm
Rauschning, D., Wiesbrock, K., & Lailach, M. (Eds.). (1997). Key resolutions of the United Nations General Assembly 1946–1996. Cambridge University Press.
Rivera López, E. (1995). Las paradojas del comunitarismo. Doxa, (17-18), 95-115. https://doxa.ua.es/article/view/1995-n17-18-las-paradojas-del-comunitarismo
Rorty, R. (1995). Derechos humanos racionalidad y sentimentalismo. Praxis Filosófica Ética y Política, (5), 1-20.
Sandel, M. J. (1982). Liberalism and the limits of justice. Cambridge University Press.
Schmidt-Leukel, P. (2006). Buddhism and the idea of human rights: Resonances and dissonances. Buddhist-Christian Studies, 26, 33-49. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4139179
Schulz, J. S. (2021). China pospandemia: ¿Motor, salvavidas o nuevo paradigma civilizatorio?. Anuario en Relaciones Internacionales. https://www.memoria.fahce.unlp.edu.ar/art_revistas/pr.13113/pr.13113.pdf
Sun, P. (2014). Human rights protection system in China. Springer.
Tiwald, J. (2012). Confucianism and human rights. In T. Cushman (Ed.), Handbook of human rights (pp.244-254). Routledge; Taylor & Francis Group.
Tse-tung, M. (1976). Manifiesto del Ejército Popular de Liberación de China. En Obras escogidas de Mao
Tse-tung (vol. IV, pp. 149-155). Ediciones en lenguas extranjeras. https://www.marxists.org/subject/china/mao/works/1976/peoples-army.htm
Vocero de Ashton, C. (2012, January 4). La Alta Representante de la Unión Europea para Asuntos Exteriores y Política de Seguridad. Brussels. http://www.europa-eu-un.org/articles/es/article_11757_es.htm
Wang, Y. (2023, December 5). Pursuing a country-specific path to human rights advancement and jointly promoting worldwide progress in human rights. Keynote address at the International Symposium Commemorating the 75th Anniversary of The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Beijing. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zxxx_662805/202312/t20231205_11195127.html
Weber, M. (1982). El político y el científico. Alianza Editorial.
Zhao, J. (2015). China and the uneasy case for universal human rights. Human Rights Quarterly, 37(1), 29-52. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24518273?seq=1
Zhongqi, P. (2010). Managing the conceptual gap on sovereignty in China-EU relations. Asia Europe Journal, 8(2), 227-243. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10308-010-0263-x
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