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Fecha Publicación: 2010-07-01
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Molina Sotomayor E, González Jurado JA, León Prados JA. Efectos de dos programas de entrenamiento sobre la aptitud física metabólica en adultos mayores. Hacia Promoc. Salud [Internet]. 1 de julio de 2010 [citado 7 de mayo de 2024];15(2):45-63. Disponible en: https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/hacialapromociondelasalud/article/view/1983
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Objetivo: el objetivo del estudio fue conocer los efectos de dos programas de entrenamiento sobre la fuerza muscular, la glicemia y la presión arterial en adultos mayores. Material y método: se estudiaron dos grupos, Grupo Experimental Uno (G1) (n=11) con entrenamiento de fuerza muscular contra resistencia y Grupo Experimental Dos (G2) (n=20) con entrenamiento aeróbico basado en caminatas. Se evaluó la presión arterial (PA), la glucemia y la Fuerza Máxima estimada indirectamente con en un test de máximas repeticiones en los siguientes ejercicios: Prensa Sentado (PS), Press de Banca (PB) y Extensiones de Rodilla (ER). Se midieron todas las variables al inicio y al final del programa de entrenamiento. Resultados: los resultados obtenidos evidenciaron un mayor aumento de la fuerza en el G1; en PB (p<0,001), ER (p<0,001) y PS (p<0,05), mientras que el G2 no se registraron diferencias. En el G1, la PA sistólica pos-programa, disminuyó significativamente (p<0,001), mientras que en el G2 no se produjeron cambios. La glicemia intrasesión disminuyó significativamente en ambos grupos. El programa de fuerza muscular indujo mayores aumentos en la fuerza muscular y disminuyó más la Presión Arterial Sistólica que el entrenamiento aeróbico.
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AGS, BGS. Guideline for the prevention of falls in older persons. American Geriatrics Society, British Geriatrics Society, and American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Panel on Falls Prevention. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2001 May; 49(5):664-72.
Kesaniemi YK, Danforth E, Jr., Jensen MD, Kopelman PG, Lefebvre P, Reeder BA. Dose-response issues concerning physical activity and health: an evidence-based symposium. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2001 Jun; 33(6 Suppl):S351-8.
Keysor JJ. Does late-life physical activity or exercise prevent or minimize disablement? A critical review of the scientific evidence. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2003 Oct; 25(3 Suppl 2):129-36.
Pahor M, Blair SN, Espeland M, Fielding R, Gill TM, Guralnik JM, et al. Effects of a physical activity intervention on measures of physical performance: Results of the lifestyle interventions and independence for Elders Pilot (LIFE-P) study. Journals of Gerontology Series A-Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences. 2006 Nov; 61(11):1157-65.
Nelson ME, Layne JE, Bernstein MJ, Nuernberger A, Castaneda C, Kaliton D, et al. The effects of multidimensional home-based exercise on functional performance in elderly people. Journals of Gerontology Series A-Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences. 2004 Feb; 59(2):154-60.
Fletcher GF, Balady GJ, Amsterdam EA, Chaitman B, Eckel R, Fleg J, et al. Exercise standards for testing and training: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2001 Oct 2; 104(14):1694-740.
Pescatello LS, Franklin BA, Fagard R, Farquhar WB, Kelley GA, Ray CA, et al. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and hypertension. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2004 Mar; 36(3):533-53.
McDermott MM, Liu K, Ferrucci L, Criqui MH, Greenland P, Guralnik JM, et al. Physical performance in peripheral arterial disease: a slower rate of decline in patients who walk more.[see comment][summary for patients in Ann Intern Med. 2006 Jan 3;144(1):I20; PMID: 16389246]. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2006 Jan 3; 144(1):10-20.
Gulve EA. Exercise and glycemic control in diabetes: Benefits, challenges, and adjustments to pharmacotherapy. Physical Therapy. 2008; 88(11):1297-321.
Ross R, Janssen I. Physical activity, total and regional obesity: dose-response considerations. / Relation dose-effet entre l ‘ activite physique et l ‘ obesite globale ou localisee. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2001; 33(6 Suppl):S521-s7.
Thompson PD, Buchner D, Pina IL, Balady GJ, Williams MA, Marcus BH, et al. Exercise and physical activity in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology (Subcommittee on Exercise, Rehabilitation, and Prevention) and the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism (Subcommittee on Physical Activity).[see comment]. Circulation. 2003 Jun 24;107(24):3109-16.
Going S, Lohman T, Houtkooper L, Metcalfe L, Flint-Wagner H, Blew R, et al. Effects of exercise on bone mineral density in calcium-replete postmenopausal women with and without hormone replacement therapy. Osteoporosis International. 2003 Aug; 14(8):637-43.
AGSPEO. Exercise prescription for older adults with osteoarthritis pain: consensus practice recommendations. A supplement to the AGS Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of chronic pain in older adults.[erratum appears in J Am Geriatr Soc 2001 Oct;49(10):1400]. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2001 Jun; 49(6):808-23.
Pauwels RA, Buist AS, Ma P, Jenkins CR, Hurd SS, Committee GS. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and World Health Organization Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD): executive summary. Respiratory Care. 2001 Aug; 46(8):798-825.
Bouchard C, Rankinen T. Individual differences in response to regular physical activity. / Difference d ‘ effets d ‘ une activite physique reguliere selon les pratiquants. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2001; 33(6 Suppl):S446-s51.
Fagard RH, Cornelissen VA. Effect of exercise on blood pressure control in hypertensive patients. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation. 2007; 14(1):12-7.
Sharman JE, Stowasser M. Australian Association for Exercise and Sports Science Position Statement on Exercise and Hypertension. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 2009; 12(2):252-7.
Suzuki S, Ohta T. Exercise therapy for patients with mild hypertension. Nippon rinsho Japanese journal of clinical medicine. 2008; 66(8):1553-9.
Fagard RH. Exercise characteristics and the blood pressure response to dynamic physical training. / Caracteristiques d ‘ un programme d ‘ exercices physiques et reponse de la tension arterielle a un entrainement physique dynamique. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2001; 33(6 Suppl):S484-s92.
Feigenbaum MS, Pollock ML. Prescription of resistance training for health and disease. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1999; 31(1):38-45.
Pérez AB, Rodrigo AB, Fernández JRB, Alcaine RL, Fernández EL, Marqueta PM, et al. Guidelines of the spanish society of cardiology for physical activity in patients with cardiac disease. Revista Española de Cardiología. 2000; 53(5):684-726.
Colado JC, Triplett NT, Tella V, Saucedo P, Abellán J. Effects of aquatic resistance training on health and fitness in postmenopausal women. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2009; 106(1):113-22.
Gordon BA, Benson AC, Bird SR, Fraser SF. Resistance training improves metabolic health in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 2009; 83(2):157-75.
Inaba Y, Obuchi S, Arai T, Satake K, Takahira N. The long-term effects of progressive resistance training on Health-related quality in older adults. Journal of Physiological Anthropology. 2008; 27(2):57-61.
Halliwill JR, Dinenno FA, Dietz NM. Alfa-Adrenergic vascular responsiveness during postexercise hypotension in humans. Journal of Physiology. 2003; 550(1):279-86.
Halliwill JR. Mechanisms and Clinical Implications of Post-exercise Hypotension in Humans. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews. 2001; 29(2):65-70.
Manzarbeitia J, Guillén F. Revisiones y actualizaciones en geriatría. Diabetes mellitus en el anciano. Medicine. 2003; 8(109):5834-40.
Meneilly GS, Tessier D. Diabetes in elderly adults. Journals of Gerontology - Series A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 2001; 56(1).
Eriksson J, Tuominen J, Valle T, Sundberg S, Sovijärvi A, Lindholm H, et al. Aerobic endurance exercise or circuit-type resistance training for individuals with impaired glucose tolerance? Hormone and Metabolic Research. 1998; 30(1):37-41.
Ishii T, Yamakita T, Sato T, Tanaka S, Fujii S. Resistance training improves insulin sensitivity in NIDDM subjects without altering maximal oxygen uptake. Diabetes Care. 1998; 21(8):1353-5.
Yki-Jarvinen H, Koivisto VA, Taskinen MR, Nikkila EA. Glucose tolerance, plasma lipoproteins and tissue lipoprotein lipase activities in body builders. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology. 1984; 53(3):253-9.
Eriksson J, Taimela S, Eriksson K, Parviainen S, Peltonen J, Kujala U. Resistance training in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 1997; 18(4):242-6.
Rice B, Janssen I, Hudson R, Ross R. Effects of aerobic or resistance exercise and/or diet on glucose tolerance and plasma insulin levels in obese men. Diabetes Care. 1999; 22(5):684-91.
Bouchard C. Physical activity and health: introduction to the dose-response symposium. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2001 Jun; 33(6 Suppl):S347-50.
Brzycki M. Strength testing. Predicting a one-rep max from reps-to-fatigue. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance. 1993; 64(1):88-90.
Welday J. Should you check for strength with periodic max lifts? Scholas Coach. 1988; 57:49-68.
ACSM. American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand. Exercise and physical activity for older adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998 Jun; 30(6):992-1008.
Hakkinen K, Pakarinen A, Kraemer WJ, Hakkinen A, Valkeinen H, Alen M. Selective muscle hypertrophy, changes in EMG and force, and serum hormones during strength training in older women. J Appl Physiol. 2001 Aug; 91(2):569-80.
Vandervoort AA, Symons TB. Functional and metabolic consequences of sarcopenia. Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology. 2001; 26(1):90-101.
Pavol MJ, Owings TM, Foley KT, Grabiner MD. Influence of lower extremity strength of healthy older adults on the outcome of an induced trip. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2002; 50(2):256-62.
Ferri A, Scaglioni G, Pousson M, Capodaglio P, Van Hoecke J, Narici MV. Strength and power changes of the human plantar flexors and knee extensors in response to resistance training in old age. Acta Physiol Scand. 2003 Jan; 177(1):69-78.
Manini TM, Druger M, Ploutz-Snyder L. Misconceptions about strength exercise among older adults. Journal of Aging & Physical Activity. 2005 Oct; 13(4):422-33.
Reeves ND, Narici MV, Maganaris CN. Effect of resistance training on skeletal muscle-specific force in elderly humans. J Appl Physiol. 2004 Mar; 96(3):885-92.
Kalapotharakos VI, Michalopoulos M, Tokmakidis SP, Godolias G, Gourgoulis V. Effects of a heavy and a moderate resistance training on functional performance in older adults. J Strength Cond Res. 2005 Aug; 19(3):652-7.
Whitehurst MA, Johnson BL, Parker CM, Brown LE, Ford AM. The benefits of a functional exercise circuit for older adults. J Strength Cond Res. 2005 Aug; 19(3):647-51.
Whelton SP, Chin A, Xin X, He J. Effect of aerobic exercise on blood pressure: A meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2002; 136(7):493-503.
Carnethon MR, Gulati M, Greenland P. Prevalence and cardiovascular disease correlates of low cardiorespiratory fitness in adolescents and adults. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2005; 294(23):2981-8.
Kirk A, Mutrie N, MacIntyre P, Fisher M. Effects of a 12-month activity counselling intervention on glycaemic control and on the status of cardiovascular risk factors in people with Type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2004;47(5):821-32.
Manson JE, Hu FB, Rich-Edwards JW, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, et al. A prospective study of walking as compared with vigorous exercise in the prevention of coronary heart disease in women. New England Journal of Medicine. 1999; 341(9):650-8.
Lash JM, Bohlen HG. Functional adaptations of rat skeletal muscle arterioles to aerobic exercise training. J Appl Physiol. 1992; 72(6):2052-62.
Meredith IT, Friberg P, Jennings GL, Dewar EM, Fazio VA, Lambert GW, et al. Exercise training lowers resting renal but not cardiac sympathetic activity in humans. Hypertension. 1991; 18(5):575-82.
Bhaskarabhatla KV, Birrer R. Physical Activity and Type 2 Diabetes: Tailoring Exercise to Optimize Fitness and Glycemic Control. Physician and Sportsmedicine. 2004; 32(1):13-7.
Boulé NG, Haddad E, Kenny GP, Wells GA, Sigal RJ. Effects of exercise on glycemic control and body mass in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2001; 286(10):1218-27.
Piece NS. Diabetes and Exercise. Brazilian Journal Sports Medicine. 1999; 33:161-73.
Martins D, Duarte M. Efeitos do Exercício Físico Sobre o Comportamento da Glicemia em Indivíduos Diabéticos. Revista Brasileira de Atividade Física e Saúde. 1988; 3(3):32-44.
Silva CA, Llima WC. Efeito Benéfico do Exercício Físico no Controle Metabólico do Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 à Curto Prazo. Arquivo Brasileiro de Endocrinologia e Metabologia. 2002; 46(45): 550-6.
Izquierdo M, Ibanez J, K HA, Kraemer WJ, Larrion JL, Gorostiaga EM. Once weekly combined resistance and cardiovascular training in healthy older men. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2004 Mar; 36(3):435-43.
Kesaniemi YK, Danforth E, Jr., Jensen MD, Kopelman PG, Lefebvre P, Reeder BA. Dose-response issues concerning physical activity and health: an evidence-based symposium. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2001 Jun; 33(6 Suppl):S351-8.
Keysor JJ. Does late-life physical activity or exercise prevent or minimize disablement? A critical review of the scientific evidence. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2003 Oct; 25(3 Suppl 2):129-36.
Pahor M, Blair SN, Espeland M, Fielding R, Gill TM, Guralnik JM, et al. Effects of a physical activity intervention on measures of physical performance: Results of the lifestyle interventions and independence for Elders Pilot (LIFE-P) study. Journals of Gerontology Series A-Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences. 2006 Nov; 61(11):1157-65.
Nelson ME, Layne JE, Bernstein MJ, Nuernberger A, Castaneda C, Kaliton D, et al. The effects of multidimensional home-based exercise on functional performance in elderly people. Journals of Gerontology Series A-Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences. 2004 Feb; 59(2):154-60.
Fletcher GF, Balady GJ, Amsterdam EA, Chaitman B, Eckel R, Fleg J, et al. Exercise standards for testing and training: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2001 Oct 2; 104(14):1694-740.
Pescatello LS, Franklin BA, Fagard R, Farquhar WB, Kelley GA, Ray CA, et al. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and hypertension. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2004 Mar; 36(3):533-53.
McDermott MM, Liu K, Ferrucci L, Criqui MH, Greenland P, Guralnik JM, et al. Physical performance in peripheral arterial disease: a slower rate of decline in patients who walk more.[see comment][summary for patients in Ann Intern Med. 2006 Jan 3;144(1):I20; PMID: 16389246]. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2006 Jan 3; 144(1):10-20.
Gulve EA. Exercise and glycemic control in diabetes: Benefits, challenges, and adjustments to pharmacotherapy. Physical Therapy. 2008; 88(11):1297-321.
Ross R, Janssen I. Physical activity, total and regional obesity: dose-response considerations. / Relation dose-effet entre l ‘ activite physique et l ‘ obesite globale ou localisee. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2001; 33(6 Suppl):S521-s7.
Thompson PD, Buchner D, Pina IL, Balady GJ, Williams MA, Marcus BH, et al. Exercise and physical activity in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology (Subcommittee on Exercise, Rehabilitation, and Prevention) and the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism (Subcommittee on Physical Activity).[see comment]. Circulation. 2003 Jun 24;107(24):3109-16.
Going S, Lohman T, Houtkooper L, Metcalfe L, Flint-Wagner H, Blew R, et al. Effects of exercise on bone mineral density in calcium-replete postmenopausal women with and without hormone replacement therapy. Osteoporosis International. 2003 Aug; 14(8):637-43.
AGSPEO. Exercise prescription for older adults with osteoarthritis pain: consensus practice recommendations. A supplement to the AGS Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of chronic pain in older adults.[erratum appears in J Am Geriatr Soc 2001 Oct;49(10):1400]. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2001 Jun; 49(6):808-23.
Pauwels RA, Buist AS, Ma P, Jenkins CR, Hurd SS, Committee GS. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and World Health Organization Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD): executive summary. Respiratory Care. 2001 Aug; 46(8):798-825.
Bouchard C, Rankinen T. Individual differences in response to regular physical activity. / Difference d ‘ effets d ‘ une activite physique reguliere selon les pratiquants. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2001; 33(6 Suppl):S446-s51.
Fagard RH, Cornelissen VA. Effect of exercise on blood pressure control in hypertensive patients. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation. 2007; 14(1):12-7.
Sharman JE, Stowasser M. Australian Association for Exercise and Sports Science Position Statement on Exercise and Hypertension. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 2009; 12(2):252-7.
Suzuki S, Ohta T. Exercise therapy for patients with mild hypertension. Nippon rinsho Japanese journal of clinical medicine. 2008; 66(8):1553-9.
Fagard RH. Exercise characteristics and the blood pressure response to dynamic physical training. / Caracteristiques d ‘ un programme d ‘ exercices physiques et reponse de la tension arterielle a un entrainement physique dynamique. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2001; 33(6 Suppl):S484-s92.
Feigenbaum MS, Pollock ML. Prescription of resistance training for health and disease. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1999; 31(1):38-45.
Pérez AB, Rodrigo AB, Fernández JRB, Alcaine RL, Fernández EL, Marqueta PM, et al. Guidelines of the spanish society of cardiology for physical activity in patients with cardiac disease. Revista Española de Cardiología. 2000; 53(5):684-726.
Colado JC, Triplett NT, Tella V, Saucedo P, Abellán J. Effects of aquatic resistance training on health and fitness in postmenopausal women. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2009; 106(1):113-22.
Gordon BA, Benson AC, Bird SR, Fraser SF. Resistance training improves metabolic health in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 2009; 83(2):157-75.
Inaba Y, Obuchi S, Arai T, Satake K, Takahira N. The long-term effects of progressive resistance training on Health-related quality in older adults. Journal of Physiological Anthropology. 2008; 27(2):57-61.
Halliwill JR, Dinenno FA, Dietz NM. Alfa-Adrenergic vascular responsiveness during postexercise hypotension in humans. Journal of Physiology. 2003; 550(1):279-86.
Halliwill JR. Mechanisms and Clinical Implications of Post-exercise Hypotension in Humans. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews. 2001; 29(2):65-70.
Manzarbeitia J, Guillén F. Revisiones y actualizaciones en geriatría. Diabetes mellitus en el anciano. Medicine. 2003; 8(109):5834-40.
Meneilly GS, Tessier D. Diabetes in elderly adults. Journals of Gerontology - Series A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 2001; 56(1).
Eriksson J, Tuominen J, Valle T, Sundberg S, Sovijärvi A, Lindholm H, et al. Aerobic endurance exercise or circuit-type resistance training for individuals with impaired glucose tolerance? Hormone and Metabolic Research. 1998; 30(1):37-41.
Ishii T, Yamakita T, Sato T, Tanaka S, Fujii S. Resistance training improves insulin sensitivity in NIDDM subjects without altering maximal oxygen uptake. Diabetes Care. 1998; 21(8):1353-5.
Yki-Jarvinen H, Koivisto VA, Taskinen MR, Nikkila EA. Glucose tolerance, plasma lipoproteins and tissue lipoprotein lipase activities in body builders. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology. 1984; 53(3):253-9.
Eriksson J, Taimela S, Eriksson K, Parviainen S, Peltonen J, Kujala U. Resistance training in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 1997; 18(4):242-6.
Rice B, Janssen I, Hudson R, Ross R. Effects of aerobic or resistance exercise and/or diet on glucose tolerance and plasma insulin levels in obese men. Diabetes Care. 1999; 22(5):684-91.
Bouchard C. Physical activity and health: introduction to the dose-response symposium. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2001 Jun; 33(6 Suppl):S347-50.
Brzycki M. Strength testing. Predicting a one-rep max from reps-to-fatigue. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance. 1993; 64(1):88-90.
Welday J. Should you check for strength with periodic max lifts? Scholas Coach. 1988; 57:49-68.
ACSM. American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand. Exercise and physical activity for older adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998 Jun; 30(6):992-1008.
Hakkinen K, Pakarinen A, Kraemer WJ, Hakkinen A, Valkeinen H, Alen M. Selective muscle hypertrophy, changes in EMG and force, and serum hormones during strength training in older women. J Appl Physiol. 2001 Aug; 91(2):569-80.
Vandervoort AA, Symons TB. Functional and metabolic consequences of sarcopenia. Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology. 2001; 26(1):90-101.
Pavol MJ, Owings TM, Foley KT, Grabiner MD. Influence of lower extremity strength of healthy older adults on the outcome of an induced trip. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2002; 50(2):256-62.
Ferri A, Scaglioni G, Pousson M, Capodaglio P, Van Hoecke J, Narici MV. Strength and power changes of the human plantar flexors and knee extensors in response to resistance training in old age. Acta Physiol Scand. 2003 Jan; 177(1):69-78.
Manini TM, Druger M, Ploutz-Snyder L. Misconceptions about strength exercise among older adults. Journal of Aging & Physical Activity. 2005 Oct; 13(4):422-33.
Reeves ND, Narici MV, Maganaris CN. Effect of resistance training on skeletal muscle-specific force in elderly humans. J Appl Physiol. 2004 Mar; 96(3):885-92.
Kalapotharakos VI, Michalopoulos M, Tokmakidis SP, Godolias G, Gourgoulis V. Effects of a heavy and a moderate resistance training on functional performance in older adults. J Strength Cond Res. 2005 Aug; 19(3):652-7.
Whitehurst MA, Johnson BL, Parker CM, Brown LE, Ford AM. The benefits of a functional exercise circuit for older adults. J Strength Cond Res. 2005 Aug; 19(3):647-51.
Whelton SP, Chin A, Xin X, He J. Effect of aerobic exercise on blood pressure: A meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2002; 136(7):493-503.
Carnethon MR, Gulati M, Greenland P. Prevalence and cardiovascular disease correlates of low cardiorespiratory fitness in adolescents and adults. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2005; 294(23):2981-8.
Kirk A, Mutrie N, MacIntyre P, Fisher M. Effects of a 12-month activity counselling intervention on glycaemic control and on the status of cardiovascular risk factors in people with Type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2004;47(5):821-32.
Manson JE, Hu FB, Rich-Edwards JW, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, et al. A prospective study of walking as compared with vigorous exercise in the prevention of coronary heart disease in women. New England Journal of Medicine. 1999; 341(9):650-8.
Lash JM, Bohlen HG. Functional adaptations of rat skeletal muscle arterioles to aerobic exercise training. J Appl Physiol. 1992; 72(6):2052-62.
Meredith IT, Friberg P, Jennings GL, Dewar EM, Fazio VA, Lambert GW, et al. Exercise training lowers resting renal but not cardiac sympathetic activity in humans. Hypertension. 1991; 18(5):575-82.
Bhaskarabhatla KV, Birrer R. Physical Activity and Type 2 Diabetes: Tailoring Exercise to Optimize Fitness and Glycemic Control. Physician and Sportsmedicine. 2004; 32(1):13-7.
Boulé NG, Haddad E, Kenny GP, Wells GA, Sigal RJ. Effects of exercise on glycemic control and body mass in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2001; 286(10):1218-27.
Piece NS. Diabetes and Exercise. Brazilian Journal Sports Medicine. 1999; 33:161-73.
Martins D, Duarte M. Efeitos do Exercício Físico Sobre o Comportamento da Glicemia em Indivíduos Diabéticos. Revista Brasileira de Atividade Física e Saúde. 1988; 3(3):32-44.
Silva CA, Llima WC. Efeito Benéfico do Exercício Físico no Controle Metabólico do Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 à Curto Prazo. Arquivo Brasileiro de Endocrinologia e Metabologia. 2002; 46(45): 550-6.
Izquierdo M, Ibanez J, K HA, Kraemer WJ, Larrion JL, Gorostiaga EM. Once weekly combined resistance and cardiovascular training in healthy older men. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2004 Mar; 36(3):435-43.
