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Fecha Publicación: 2010-01-01
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Curcio Borrero CL. Investigación y Envejecimiento: Del dato a la teoría. Hacia Promoc. Salud [Internet]. 1 de enero de 2010 [citado 26 de abril de 2024];15(1):144-66. Disponible en: https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/hacialapromociondelasalud/article/view/1977
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Introducción: el estudio científico del envejecimiento surgió después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, por tanto es más joven que su objeto de estudio. La gerontología nació en medio del estructural-funcionalismo, por ello desde sus inicios fue una gerontología funcionalista, caracterizada por el dominio de una dimensión empírica y aplicada, en la cual los métodos han sido la guía y han marcado el camino del desarrollo, además, con un enfoque basado en problemas o sitios de intervención. Aunque se inició entre los intersticios de las ciencias biológicas, médicas, psicológicas y sociales, sus marcos de referencia explicativos provienen especialmente de la biología y la psicología. Objetivo: hacer un análisis crítico de la situación del desarrollo de las teorías en gerontología. Metodología: se identificaron más de 5.000 publicaciones sobre el tema, entre artículos, editoriales, documentos y libros, publicados desde la década del 60. Los artículos y documentos fueron revisados a partir del resumen para determinar su pertinencia y para los libros la tabla de contenido. Se retuvieron 254 publicaciones para el presente análisis. Resultados: se pueden considerar cinco aspectos importantes en el desarrollo de las teorías en gerontología: en primer lugar, nace de problemas. En segundo lugar, se ha desarrollado a la deriva a partir de la evidencia empírica (pragmatismo empírico y a-teórico) por tanto se ha centrado en la acumulación de generalizaciones empíricas. En tercer lugar, en la lucha por lograr un estatus disciplinar a veces va en contra de su naturaleza interdisciplinaria, lo cual conduce al cuarto aspecto: la complejidad de su objeto de estudio. Finalmente, otra de las dificultades que ha enfrentado la gerontología, es que nació y se ha desarrollado en medio de un cambio de paradigma de la modernidad hacia la posmodernidad, en medio de la tensión entre los enfoques explicativos y causales vs. los comprensivos e interpretativos, que tienen lugar en el seno de una sociedad que se quiere posmoderna, pero conserva muchos esquemas de la modernidad. Conclusión: como la biología y la psicología están más cerca de las ciencias naturales, ha tenido un extraordinario progreso en los últimos años: el positivismo aún está con nosotros y sigue produciendo conocimiento de alta calidad y de alto impacto. El progreso ha sido más difícil y problemático para la gerontología social, en parte, porque los fenómenos sociales son considerablemente más complejos y dinámicos y los investigadores enfocan sus estudios y teorías con diferentes perspectivas.
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Achenbaum, W. A. Crossing frontiers: Gerontology emerges as a science. New York: Columbia University Press; 1995.
Birren, J. E. y Bengtson V.E. Preface. En: Birren, J. E. y Bengtson V.E., editores. Emergent Theories on Aging. New York: Springer; 1988. p. IX-X.
Birren, J. E. Theories of aging: A personal perspective. En: V. L. Bengtson & K. W. Schaie, editores. Handbook on theories of aging. New York: Springer; 1999. p. 459-471.
Padrón José. Qué es teoría. En: Chacín, M. y Padrón, J. Investigación y Docencia. Caracas: Publicaciones del Decanato de Postgrado, USR; 1994.
Bengtson, V. L., Rice, C. J. & Johnson, M. L. Are theories of aging important? Models and explanations in gerontology at the turn of the century. En: V. L. Bengtson & K. W. Schaie, editores. Handbook on theories of aging. New York: Springer; 1999. p. 3-20.
Whetten, D. A. What constitutes a theoretical contribution? Academy of Management Review 1989;14(4):490-495.
Marshall, V. The state of theory in aging and the social science. En: Binstock, R., George, L.K., editores. Handbook of Aging and the Social Sciences. 4º Edition. San Diego: Academic Press; 1996. p. 12-30.
Nadeau, Robert. Encyclopédie philosophique universelle. Tome I: L’Univers philosophique. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France; 1989. p. 557-566.
Hagestad, G. & Dannefer, D. Concepts and theories in aging: Beyond microfication in social science approaches. En: Binstock R., George L., editores. Handbook of aging and the social sciences. San Diego: Academic Press; 2001. p. 3-21.
Poupart, J-P. Deslauriers, L.H. Groulx, A. Laperrière, R. Mayer & A. Pires, editores. La recherche qualitative. Enjeux épistémologiques et méthodologiques. Montréal: Gaëtan Morin éditeur; 1997.
Strauss, A. & Corbin, J. Bases de la investigación cualitativa. Técnicas y procedimientos para desarrollar la teoría fundamentada. Medellín: Editorial Universidad de Antioquia; 2002.
Bengtson, V.L., Gans D., Putney N.M., Silverstein M. Theories about age and aging. En: Bengtson, VL, Gans D., Putney N.M., Silverstein M., editores. Handbook of theories of aging. 2ª edition. New York: Springer Publishing Company; 2009. p. 3-24.
Laperrière A. Pour une construction empirique de la théorie: la nouvelle école de Chicago. Sociologie et société 1982;XIV(1):32-40.
Padrón, J. Tendencias epistemológicas de la investigación científica en el Siglo XXI. Cinta de Moebio. Revista de epistemología de las ciencias sociales, Universidad de Chile 2007;28:1-28.
Baars Jan. Problematic foundations: theorizing time, age and aging. En: Bengtson, VL, Gans D., Putney N.M., Silverstein M., editores. Handbook of theories of aging. 2ª edition. New York: Springer Publishing Company; 2009. p. 87-99.
Kuhn, T. La estructura de las revoluciones científicas. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica; 1988.
Guba, E.G. y Lincoln, Y. Competing paradigms in qualitative research. En: Denzin N. K & Y. Lincoln, S. editores. Handbook of Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications; 1992. p. 105-117.
Denzin, N. y Lincoln, Y. The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications; 2005.
Salthouse TA. Theoretical issues in the psychology of aging. En: Birren JE. Schaie KW. Editores. Handbooks of the psychology of aging. 6th edition. San Diego: Academic Press – Elsevier; 2006. p. 3-13.
Bengtson, VL, Putney N.M., Johnson M. The problem of theory in gerontology today. En: Malcolm L.J., Bengtson, V.L., Coleman, P.G., Kirkwood, T.B., editores. The Cambridge Handbook of Age and Ageing. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2005. p. 3-20.
Powell, J. The Importance of a “Critical” Sociology of Old Age. Social Science Paper Publisher 2000;3(1):1-5.
Powel J. Social Theory and Aging. New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers; 2006.
Hendricks J., Powell J. Theorizing in social gerontology. The Raison d’être. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 2009;29(1/2):5-14.
Padrón, J. Aspectos Clave en la Evaluación de Teorías. Copérnico, Revista Arbitrada de Divulgación Científica 2004;I(1):71-82.
Bengtson, V. L., Burgess, E. O. & Parrott, T. M. Theory, explanation, and a third generation of theoretical development in social gerontology. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences 1997;52B:S72-S88.
Gilleard, C. & Higgs, P. Cultures of Ageing. London: Prentice Hall; 2001.
Powell J., Hendricks, J. The sociological construction of ageing. Lesson for theorizing. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 2009;29(1/2):84-94.
Achenbaum, W.A., Bengtson V.L. Re-engaging the Disengagement Theory of Aging: On the History and Assessment of Theory Development in Gerontology. The Gerontologist 1994;34(6):756-763.
Powell, J. Theorizing the “Social” of Gerontology: The Case of the Social Philosophies of Age. Sincronia: Journal of Cultural Studies 2001;4(2):1-10.
Biggs S, Lowenstein A, Hendricks J. The need for theory. Critical approaches to social gerontology. Amityville, NY: Baywood Publishing Company, Inc.; 2003.
Cumming, E. & Henry, W. Growing Old: The Process of Disengagement. New York: Basic Books; 1961.
Estes, C., Biney, E.A. The biomedicalisation of aging: Danger and dilemmas. The gerontologist 1989;29(5):587-596.
Longino, C.F., Murphy, J.W. The Old Age Challenge to the Biomedical Model: Paradigm Strain and Health Policy. Amityville, NY: Baywood Press; 1995.
Moody, H. R. Forging an intergenerational consensus. The Generational Journal 1988;1(2):78-80.
Biggs, S. New ageism: age imperialism, personal experience and ageing policy. En: Daatland, S. and Biggs, S., editores. Ageing and Diversity. Bristol: Polity Press; 2004. p. 95-106.
Morrow-Howell, N., Hinterlong, J. and Sherraden, M. Productive Aging: Concepts and Challenges. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press; 2001.
Powell, J., Longino C. Towards the Postmodernization of Aging: The Body and Social Theory. Journal of Aging and Identity 2001;6(4):199-207.
Powell, J., Longino C. Postmodernism Versus Modernism: Rethinking Theoretical Tensions in Social Gerontology. Journal of Aging and Identity 2002;(4):219- 226.
Alkema, G.E., Alley, D.E. Gerontology’s Future: An Integrative Model for Disciplinary Advancement. The Gerontologist 2006; 46(5):574-582.
Longino, C.F., Jr. & Powell, J.L. Embodiment and the Study of Aging. En: V. Berdayes, editor. The body in human inquiry interdisciplinary exploration of embodiment. New York: Hampton Press; 2004.
Baltes, B., Baltes, M.F. Successful ageing: Perspectives from the Behavioral Sciences. New York: Cambridge University Press; 1990.
Baltes, M.F., Carstersen, L. The process of Successful ageing. Ageing and society 1996; 16:397-422.
Katz, S. Disciplining old age: The formation of gerontological knowledge. Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia; 1996.
Bengtson, VL; Parrott, TM; Burgess, EO. Progress and pitfalls in gerontological theorizing. The Gerontologist 1996;36(6):768-772.
Gavrilov LA. Gavrilova N. Reliability theory of aging and longevity. En: Masoro E.J., Austad S.N., editores. Handbook of the biology of aging. 6th edition. San Diego: Academic Press – Elsevier; 2006. p. 3-39.
Bass, S.A., Ferraro, K.F. Gerontology education in transition: Considering disciplinary and paradigmatic evolution. The Gerontologist 2000;40:97-106.
Bass, S.A. The Emergence of the Golden Age of Social Gerontology? The Gerontologist 2007;47(3):408-412.
Schaie, K. Schaie, W., Bengtson, V.L. Handbook of Theories of Aging. First edition. New York: Springer Publishing Co., Inc.; 1998.
Morin, E. Los siete saberes necesarios para la educación del futuro. Barcelona: Paidós Studio; 2001.
Wahl, H-W., Weisman, G.D. Environmental gerontology at the beginning of the new millennium: Reflections in its historical, empirical and theoretical development. The Gerontologist 2003;43(5):616-627.
Bass Scott. Toward an integrative theory of social gerontology. En: Bengtson, VL, Gans, D., Putney, N.M., Silverstein M., editores. Handbook of theories of aging. 2ª edition. New York: Springer Publishing Company; 2009. p. 347-374.
Johnson M. La conception de la vieillesse dans les théories gérontologiques. La Documentation française. Retraite et société 2001;34:51-67.
Johnson, H. R., Britton, J. H., Lang, C. A., Seltzer, M. M., Stanford, E. P., Yancik, R. et al. Foundations for gerontological education. The Gerontologist 1980; 20:1-61.
Satin, D. G. A conceptual framework for working relationships among disciplines and the place of interdisciplinary education and practice: Clarifying muddy waters. Gerontology & Geriatrics Education 1994;14:3-24.
Hendricks, J., Sheets, D. and Bradley, D. Identifying enduring questions in gerontology. En: Hendricks, J., Sheets, D. and Bradley, D., editores. Enduring Questions in Gerontology. Amityville: Baywood; 2005. p. 13-28.
Achenbaum, W. A. A Metahistorical perspective on theories of aging. En: Bengtson VL, Gans D, Putney NM, Silverstein M., editores. Handbook of theories of aging. Second edition. Springer Publishing Company; 2009. p. 25-38.
Hidalgo, J.G. Hacia una gerontología social crítica. Reflexiones 1993;8:1-10.
Levine, M. Guest editorial: Does gerontology exist? The Gerontologist 1981;21:2-3.
Bramwell, R. D. Gerontology as a discipline. Educational Gerontology 1985;11:201-211.
Tibbitts, C. Handbook of social gerontology: Societal aspects of aging. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1960.
Ferraro K.F. Imagining the Disciplinary Advancement of Gerontology: Whither the Tipping Point? The Gerontologist, Guest Editorial 2006;46(5):571-573.
Lowenstein, A. Gerontology Coming Of Age: The Transformation of Social Gerontology into a Distinct Academic Discipline. Educational Gerontology 2004;30:2,129-141.
Lowenstein, A., Carmel, S. The Construction of Knowledge: A New Gerontological Educational paradigm. En: Bengtson, VL, Gans D., Putney N.M., Silverstein M., editores. Handbook of theories of aging. 2ª edition. New York: Springer Publishing Company; 2009. p. 707-720.
Lyotard, J. La condición posmoderna. Madrid: Ediciones Cátedra; 1987.
Powell, J., & Biggs, S. Managing Old Age: The Disciplinary Web of Power, Surveillance, and Normalization. Journal of Aging and Identity 2000;5:3-13.
Powell, J. Theorizing Gerontology: The Case of Old Age, Professional Power, and Social Policy in the United Kingdom. Journal of Aging and Identity 2001;6(3):117-135.
Siedman, S. Contested Knowledge: Social Theory in the Postmodern Era. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing; 1994.
Birren, J. E. y Bengtson V.E. Preface. En: Birren, J. E. y Bengtson V.E., editores. Emergent Theories on Aging. New York: Springer; 1988. p. IX-X.
Birren, J. E. Theories of aging: A personal perspective. En: V. L. Bengtson & K. W. Schaie, editores. Handbook on theories of aging. New York: Springer; 1999. p. 459-471.
Padrón José. Qué es teoría. En: Chacín, M. y Padrón, J. Investigación y Docencia. Caracas: Publicaciones del Decanato de Postgrado, USR; 1994.
Bengtson, V. L., Rice, C. J. & Johnson, M. L. Are theories of aging important? Models and explanations in gerontology at the turn of the century. En: V. L. Bengtson & K. W. Schaie, editores. Handbook on theories of aging. New York: Springer; 1999. p. 3-20.
Whetten, D. A. What constitutes a theoretical contribution? Academy of Management Review 1989;14(4):490-495.
Marshall, V. The state of theory in aging and the social science. En: Binstock, R., George, L.K., editores. Handbook of Aging and the Social Sciences. 4º Edition. San Diego: Academic Press; 1996. p. 12-30.
Nadeau, Robert. Encyclopédie philosophique universelle. Tome I: L’Univers philosophique. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France; 1989. p. 557-566.
Hagestad, G. & Dannefer, D. Concepts and theories in aging: Beyond microfication in social science approaches. En: Binstock R., George L., editores. Handbook of aging and the social sciences. San Diego: Academic Press; 2001. p. 3-21.
Poupart, J-P. Deslauriers, L.H. Groulx, A. Laperrière, R. Mayer & A. Pires, editores. La recherche qualitative. Enjeux épistémologiques et méthodologiques. Montréal: Gaëtan Morin éditeur; 1997.
Strauss, A. & Corbin, J. Bases de la investigación cualitativa. Técnicas y procedimientos para desarrollar la teoría fundamentada. Medellín: Editorial Universidad de Antioquia; 2002.
Bengtson, V.L., Gans D., Putney N.M., Silverstein M. Theories about age and aging. En: Bengtson, VL, Gans D., Putney N.M., Silverstein M., editores. Handbook of theories of aging. 2ª edition. New York: Springer Publishing Company; 2009. p. 3-24.
Laperrière A. Pour une construction empirique de la théorie: la nouvelle école de Chicago. Sociologie et société 1982;XIV(1):32-40.
Padrón, J. Tendencias epistemológicas de la investigación científica en el Siglo XXI. Cinta de Moebio. Revista de epistemología de las ciencias sociales, Universidad de Chile 2007;28:1-28.
Baars Jan. Problematic foundations: theorizing time, age and aging. En: Bengtson, VL, Gans D., Putney N.M., Silverstein M., editores. Handbook of theories of aging. 2ª edition. New York: Springer Publishing Company; 2009. p. 87-99.
Kuhn, T. La estructura de las revoluciones científicas. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica; 1988.
Guba, E.G. y Lincoln, Y. Competing paradigms in qualitative research. En: Denzin N. K & Y. Lincoln, S. editores. Handbook of Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications; 1992. p. 105-117.
Denzin, N. y Lincoln, Y. The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications; 2005.
Salthouse TA. Theoretical issues in the psychology of aging. En: Birren JE. Schaie KW. Editores. Handbooks of the psychology of aging. 6th edition. San Diego: Academic Press – Elsevier; 2006. p. 3-13.
Bengtson, VL, Putney N.M., Johnson M. The problem of theory in gerontology today. En: Malcolm L.J., Bengtson, V.L., Coleman, P.G., Kirkwood, T.B., editores. The Cambridge Handbook of Age and Ageing. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2005. p. 3-20.
Powell, J. The Importance of a “Critical” Sociology of Old Age. Social Science Paper Publisher 2000;3(1):1-5.
Powel J. Social Theory and Aging. New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers; 2006.
Hendricks J., Powell J. Theorizing in social gerontology. The Raison d’être. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 2009;29(1/2):5-14.
Padrón, J. Aspectos Clave en la Evaluación de Teorías. Copérnico, Revista Arbitrada de Divulgación Científica 2004;I(1):71-82.
Bengtson, V. L., Burgess, E. O. & Parrott, T. M. Theory, explanation, and a third generation of theoretical development in social gerontology. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences 1997;52B:S72-S88.
Gilleard, C. & Higgs, P. Cultures of Ageing. London: Prentice Hall; 2001.
Powell J., Hendricks, J. The sociological construction of ageing. Lesson for theorizing. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 2009;29(1/2):84-94.
Achenbaum, W.A., Bengtson V.L. Re-engaging the Disengagement Theory of Aging: On the History and Assessment of Theory Development in Gerontology. The Gerontologist 1994;34(6):756-763.
Powell, J. Theorizing the “Social” of Gerontology: The Case of the Social Philosophies of Age. Sincronia: Journal of Cultural Studies 2001;4(2):1-10.
Biggs S, Lowenstein A, Hendricks J. The need for theory. Critical approaches to social gerontology. Amityville, NY: Baywood Publishing Company, Inc.; 2003.
Cumming, E. & Henry, W. Growing Old: The Process of Disengagement. New York: Basic Books; 1961.
Estes, C., Biney, E.A. The biomedicalisation of aging: Danger and dilemmas. The gerontologist 1989;29(5):587-596.
Longino, C.F., Murphy, J.W. The Old Age Challenge to the Biomedical Model: Paradigm Strain and Health Policy. Amityville, NY: Baywood Press; 1995.
Moody, H. R. Forging an intergenerational consensus. The Generational Journal 1988;1(2):78-80.
Biggs, S. New ageism: age imperialism, personal experience and ageing policy. En: Daatland, S. and Biggs, S., editores. Ageing and Diversity. Bristol: Polity Press; 2004. p. 95-106.
Morrow-Howell, N., Hinterlong, J. and Sherraden, M. Productive Aging: Concepts and Challenges. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press; 2001.
Powell, J., Longino C. Towards the Postmodernization of Aging: The Body and Social Theory. Journal of Aging and Identity 2001;6(4):199-207.
Powell, J., Longino C. Postmodernism Versus Modernism: Rethinking Theoretical Tensions in Social Gerontology. Journal of Aging and Identity 2002;(4):219- 226.
Alkema, G.E., Alley, D.E. Gerontology’s Future: An Integrative Model for Disciplinary Advancement. The Gerontologist 2006; 46(5):574-582.
Longino, C.F., Jr. & Powell, J.L. Embodiment and the Study of Aging. En: V. Berdayes, editor. The body in human inquiry interdisciplinary exploration of embodiment. New York: Hampton Press; 2004.
Baltes, B., Baltes, M.F. Successful ageing: Perspectives from the Behavioral Sciences. New York: Cambridge University Press; 1990.
Baltes, M.F., Carstersen, L. The process of Successful ageing. Ageing and society 1996; 16:397-422.
Katz, S. Disciplining old age: The formation of gerontological knowledge. Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia; 1996.
Bengtson, VL; Parrott, TM; Burgess, EO. Progress and pitfalls in gerontological theorizing. The Gerontologist 1996;36(6):768-772.
Gavrilov LA. Gavrilova N. Reliability theory of aging and longevity. En: Masoro E.J., Austad S.N., editores. Handbook of the biology of aging. 6th edition. San Diego: Academic Press – Elsevier; 2006. p. 3-39.
Bass, S.A., Ferraro, K.F. Gerontology education in transition: Considering disciplinary and paradigmatic evolution. The Gerontologist 2000;40:97-106.
Bass, S.A. The Emergence of the Golden Age of Social Gerontology? The Gerontologist 2007;47(3):408-412.
Schaie, K. Schaie, W., Bengtson, V.L. Handbook of Theories of Aging. First edition. New York: Springer Publishing Co., Inc.; 1998.
Morin, E. Los siete saberes necesarios para la educación del futuro. Barcelona: Paidós Studio; 2001.
Wahl, H-W., Weisman, G.D. Environmental gerontology at the beginning of the new millennium: Reflections in its historical, empirical and theoretical development. The Gerontologist 2003;43(5):616-627.
Bass Scott. Toward an integrative theory of social gerontology. En: Bengtson, VL, Gans, D., Putney, N.M., Silverstein M., editores. Handbook of theories of aging. 2ª edition. New York: Springer Publishing Company; 2009. p. 347-374.
Johnson M. La conception de la vieillesse dans les théories gérontologiques. La Documentation française. Retraite et société 2001;34:51-67.
Johnson, H. R., Britton, J. H., Lang, C. A., Seltzer, M. M., Stanford, E. P., Yancik, R. et al. Foundations for gerontological education. The Gerontologist 1980; 20:1-61.
Satin, D. G. A conceptual framework for working relationships among disciplines and the place of interdisciplinary education and practice: Clarifying muddy waters. Gerontology & Geriatrics Education 1994;14:3-24.
Hendricks, J., Sheets, D. and Bradley, D. Identifying enduring questions in gerontology. En: Hendricks, J., Sheets, D. and Bradley, D., editores. Enduring Questions in Gerontology. Amityville: Baywood; 2005. p. 13-28.
Achenbaum, W. A. A Metahistorical perspective on theories of aging. En: Bengtson VL, Gans D, Putney NM, Silverstein M., editores. Handbook of theories of aging. Second edition. Springer Publishing Company; 2009. p. 25-38.
Hidalgo, J.G. Hacia una gerontología social crítica. Reflexiones 1993;8:1-10.
Levine, M. Guest editorial: Does gerontology exist? The Gerontologist 1981;21:2-3.
Bramwell, R. D. Gerontology as a discipline. Educational Gerontology 1985;11:201-211.
Tibbitts, C. Handbook of social gerontology: Societal aspects of aging. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1960.
Ferraro K.F. Imagining the Disciplinary Advancement of Gerontology: Whither the Tipping Point? The Gerontologist, Guest Editorial 2006;46(5):571-573.
Lowenstein, A. Gerontology Coming Of Age: The Transformation of Social Gerontology into a Distinct Academic Discipline. Educational Gerontology 2004;30:2,129-141.
Lowenstein, A., Carmel, S. The Construction of Knowledge: A New Gerontological Educational paradigm. En: Bengtson, VL, Gans D., Putney N.M., Silverstein M., editores. Handbook of theories of aging. 2ª edition. New York: Springer Publishing Company; 2009. p. 707-720.
Lyotard, J. La condición posmoderna. Madrid: Ediciones Cátedra; 1987.
Powell, J., & Biggs, S. Managing Old Age: The Disciplinary Web of Power, Surveillance, and Normalization. Journal of Aging and Identity 2000;5:3-13.
Powell, J. Theorizing Gerontology: The Case of Old Age, Professional Power, and Social Policy in the United Kingdom. Journal of Aging and Identity 2001;6(3):117-135.
Siedman, S. Contested Knowledge: Social Theory in the Postmodern Era. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing; 1994.
